Derivatives

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47 Terms

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Spot price =
Forward price =


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Spot price — continuous =

Forward price — continuous =

从远期价格倒推现货价格;回忆连续复利公式及指数符号。

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Forward & Futures — Cost of carry =

并说出cost和benefit都包括什么

Cost of Carry = cost of ownership - benefits of ownership
= r + c - i
cost of ownership: storage, transportation, insurance, spoilage, etc.

benefits of ownership: dividend, interest, rent, convenience yield

4
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Forward — Contango vs. backwardation

分别判断远期曲线相对即期价格的高低,并回忆可能的经济原因。

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Forward — Replication

Risky asset - rf asset = derivatives
Long underlying- rf asset = long forward

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Forward — Pricing at initiation

回忆最初如何确定交割价格 K,以及为何新订立远期的价值通常为零。

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Forward — Valuation during the contract =

在 t 时点如何用新的市场远期价格与原约定 K 估计多头/空头合约价值?

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Forward — Valuation at maturity =

long/short forward 的value

long/short forward 的 payoff

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Forward — Contract price, delivery price

是一样哒

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FRA — Long vs. short

回忆 long FRA 与 short FRA 分别支付/收取哪种利率,以及对利率升降的暴露。

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FRA — Implied forward interest rate =

由两段即期利率推出未来期间远期利率;注意期间和复利约定。

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Forward/ Futures/ Swap/ Option — Trading structure


回忆 OTC、双方义务、起初是否通常支付费用、结算与对手方信用风险。

衍生品

典型交易场所

Forward

OTC

Futures

交易所

Swap

通常 OTC

Option

OTC 或交易所


13
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Futures Pricing


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Futures vs. forwards — Price comparison

在何种利率与标的价格相关性条件下,futures price 可能高于/低于 forward price?

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Interest rate futures — Quoted price =

Price/yield relationship:

回忆短期利率期货的 100 减利率报价方法,及价格与利率的方向。

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Interest rate futures — Long vs. short

想对冲利率上升/下降,分别考虑期货多头还是空头?

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Swap — Settlement value =

回忆单个支付日两条腿现金流的净额;谁支付净差额?

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Interest rate swap — Settlement value =

给定名义本金、固定利率、浮动参考利率、计息天数,如何计算当期 net settlement?

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Swap — Mark-to-market (MTM) value =

用剩余现金流的现值估计已存在互换合约的价值;辨别多空方向。

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Swap — Price (par swap rate) =
Value of Swap

swap price(par swap rate)就是签约时确定的固定利率 K。比如你签了一份“每年付固定 5%、收浮动利率”的 swap,这里的 price 就是 5%

swap price 是一个利率;swap value 是这份合约值多少钱。两者不同(swap rate 就是 swap price)


Value of Swap = Settlement Value + MTM value

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Swap — Value =

回忆 value = 哪两条腿的现值之差;站在 pay-fixed 或 receive-fixed 方分别如何写?

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Swap — Price vs. value

区分约定的 swap fixed rate(price)和既有合约随市场变化的 MTM value。

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Interest rate swap — Pay fixed, receive floating

相当于什么利率敞口?市场利率上升时,哪一腿相对更有利?

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Interest rate swap — Pay floating, receive fixed

相当于什么利率敞口?市场利率下降时,哪一腿相对更有利?

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Option — Payoffs and Profit for long/short call & put

回忆到期时 max 表达式;区分执行价 K 与标的价格 S_T。

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Option — Upper no-arbitrage price bounds

回忆 call 和 put 的价值上界;区分相关标的与行权价条件。

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Option — Lower no-arbitrage price bounds

回忆欧式 call/put 的下界,含标的现价、行权价现值;注意适用假设。

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Option — Moneyness

分别判断 call、put 的 ITM/ATM/OTM,与 S 和 K 的相对大小对应。

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Option — Exercise value at time t =

若期权此刻可以行权,分别写出 call/put 的即时行权价值。

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Option premium =
Intrinsic Value, Time Value

option premium:期权费
Intrinsic value(内在价值):假设现在就能行权,你能获得多少收益。

  • Call:\(\max(0,S_t-X)\)

  • Put:\(\max(0,X-S_t)\)

Time value(时间价值):期权价格超过内在价值的部分,反映剩余时间里股价变化、让行权变得更有利的机会。

\[ \boxed{\text{Time value}=\text{Premium}-\text{Intrinsic value}} \]

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American vs. European options

比较行权时间限制、提前行权可能性和一般价值关系。

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Options — Replication
Long forward =
Short forward =
如何replicate

如何用标的资产与无风险借贷构造相同到期支付,进而无套利定价?

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Options — Factors affecting call value

回忆 S、K、volatility、time、risk-free rate、dividend yield 对 call value 的影响。

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Options — Factors affecting put value

回忆 S、K、volatility、time、risk-free rate、dividend yield 对 put value 的影响。

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Put-call parity =

写出欧式 call/put、标的资产与无风险债券之间的等价关系;说明假设。

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Put-call parity — Intuition

两种组合到期时的现金流为什么必须一致?如果不一致如何构建套利?

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Put-call parity — Synthetic positions table

回忆由 call、put、标的和债券构建 synthetic long/short positions 的对应表。

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Put-call forward parity =

写出含 forward 的 put-call parity 关系;注意 K、到期日及贴现。

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Put-call forward parity — Intuition

回忆 long call + short put 的到期收益与哪种 forward 头寸相同。

40
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Merton structural credit model

回忆公司资产、债务违约阈值与股东权益/债权的期权类比。

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Binomial model — Up and down factors

回忆 Rᵤ、Rᵈ 的定义,以及如何从当前股价推算下一期上涨/下跌状态。

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Binomial model — Risk-neutral probability =

回忆使用无风险利率、上涨因子和下跌因子计算概率的公式。

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Binomial model — Option value =

回忆风险中性加权预期 payoff 再折现的步骤(单期及多期)。

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Binomial model — Option hedge ratio =

回忆 Δ 的公式及其由两种状态下 option value/stock value 变化计算。

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Binomial model — Hedged portfolio

如何组合 option 与股票使上涨/下跌状态下价值相同?再如何折现?

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Forward Rate Agreement vs. Interest Rate Swap
谁是linear relationship, 谁有convexity bias?

47
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first & second-order risk分别是什么