AFF Lab Repro and Develop

asexual reproduction

involves no fusion of a sperm and a secondary oocyte and usually requires mitosis followed by cytokinesis

sexual reproduction

involves the mixing of genes between two or more individuals through gametes (sperm and secondary oocyte)

gametes

specialized cells that transfer complete sets of genes

isogamy

gametes are equal in size

heterogamy

gametes are different in size/shape

no need to find a mate, quick, high production number

asexual repro advantages

minimal genetic variation, can't adapt

asexual repro disadvantages

genetic diversity, adapt to changes

sexual repro advantages

slower, need a mate, complex process, need for anatomical and behavioral features

sexual repro disadvantages

all kingdoms and domains

some form of asexual and sexual repro is found among...

pillus

bacteria show a form of sexual repro by exchanging DNA through a...

binary fission

where a parent cell mitotically divides into two cells of equal size

sea anemones, bacteria

binary fission examples

budding

where a new individual grows out from the body of the parent organism and either splits from the parent or stays attached to form large colonies

flatworms and yeast

budding examples

fragmentation

where the body breaks into several pieces and each piece develops into a new individual

sponges and annelids

fragmentation examples

regeneration

where an injury occurs and two or more individuals are formed as a result

sea star

regeneration example

outer edge of the seminiferous tubule

spermatogonia are located near the...

middle of the seminiferous tubule

primary and secondary spermatocytes are located near the...

lumen of the seminiferous tubule

immature spermatids are located in the...

1000

... spermatids are formed/heartbeat/testicle

200-400 million

average ejaculation contains... sperm

24 hours

most sperm live only... in the female tract

head

A

contains nucleus and acrosome

middle piece

C

contains mitochondria

tail

D

made of plasma membrane

sharks and snakes

ovoviviparous examples

frog sperm

human sperm

rat sperm

7 million

by the 5th month of pregnancy, a female fetus contains about... oocytes

40000

only... primary oocytes remain by puberty (begins age 12-15)

400-450

only... secondary oocytes are ovulated in a woman's lifetime

zona pellucida

once a sperm penetrates th egg, a reaction is activated and enzymes are released to alter the... and prevent additional sperm from entering

egg vulnerable to predication, no specific organs needed for sex, less energy to find a mate, many offspring, high fertilization rates

external fertilization aspects

eggs are protected, special organs needed for sex, more energy to find a mate, few offspring, most eggs go unfertilized

internal fertilization aspects

increased parental care and greater protection

internal fertilization has higher rates of survival because...

viviparous

organisms give birth to live young that have been nourished in the uterus by blood via the placenta

mammals

viviparous examples

oviparous

organisms lay eggs outside the female's body where the young wil hatch

birds and reptiles

oviparous examples

ovoviviparous

organisms retain fertilized eggs in the oviduct, hatch, then the young are then delivered alive

gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage/blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis

stages of development

gametogenesis

where haploid gametes are formed by the potential parents

fertilization

where the gametes fuse to form the diploid zygote which is then activated to perform metabolic reactions and start dividing

parthenogenesis

egg development in some animals can be brought about by mechanisms other than sperm

the environment, the location of embryonic development, and the stages in the life cycle of the species

the physical characteristics of an egg are related to...

moist environment

animals that live in aqueous habitats release their secondary oocytes into the...

coordinated signals and behavioral modifications

external fertilization of eggs of animals that live in aqueous habitats depends upon...

protect the egg... provide nutrients

the external eggs of animals that live in aqueous habitats have a gelatinous coat to... and varying amount of yolk to...

the survival of the eggs is low

aquatic animals that release eggs externally produce many because...

oviduct

internal fertilization typically takes place in the... of terrestrial animals

cooperative behavior and complicated sex structures

internal fertilization requires... for delivery of sperm in close proximity to the secondary oocytes and for storage and transport of eggs

injury and desiccation

terrestrial animals that release their eggs for development outside the mother have eggs covered by harder shells that provide protection against...

exchange gas with the environment, have enough materials, and a way to dispose waste

The embryo of terrestrial animals that release their eggs must...

4 extraembryonic membranes

inside the external eggs of terrestrial animals, ... grow out from the embryo and surround it

gas exchange, waste storage, and nutrient possession

the 4 extraembryonic membranes function in...

outer shells or jelly coats

terrestrial animal that carry the developing embryo inside do not require...

placenta

when the egg implants in the uterus, the extraembryonic membranes surround

the embryo and also form the...

animal pole

melanin granules

the animal pole is dark grey or brown since it contains...

vegetal pole

folk filled

the vegetal pole is yellow because it is...

absorb water and swell

When secondary oocytes are released into water, the gelatinous covering... causing them to be similar to one another

vitelline membrane

sperm have to eat away at the... before one sperm can penetrate the secondary oocyte and fertilize it

once fertilization has occurred, the cell rotates so that the heavier portion of the cel (...) is downward

grey crescent

... forms between the vegetal pole and animal pole and indicates that fertilization has occurred

grey cresent

pinching of the plasma membrane

the grey crescent forms on the side opposite to sperm penetration because there is a... at the penetration site

animal pole

the beginning of the first cleavage is marked by the appearance of a groove on the... of the zygote

cleavage furrow

another term for a cleavage

4 cell stage

The 2nd cleavage occurs at right angles to the first and produces the...

polar/vertical divisions

since the first and second divisions extend from pole to pole, they are termed...

horizontal/equatorial

the third cleavage is termed... because the cleavage furrow forms between the poles perpendicular to the first two divisions.

yolk in the vegetal pole

the third cleavage is nearer the animal pole because of the amount of...

smaller

the third cleavage is closer to the animal pole causing the four cells at the animal pole to be... than the four cells at the vegetal pole

morula

a solid ball of cells at the 32-cell stage

blastocoel

A

blastocoel

as the cells continue to divide past the morula stage, a fluid-filled space called the... forms

polarity... animal pole

because the yolk is localized in one hemisphere in frogs, the unequal division during cleavage results in... with the blastocoel nearer the...

the middle

organisms with little yolk have a blastocoel located in...

blastula

the formation of a hollow ball of cells is called the... and is the termination of cleavage

blastula

gastrulation

a morphogenetic process involving the rearrangement of cells to form a three- layered embryo with a primitive gut

motility, shape, and adhesion

during gastrulation, there are changes in cell...

exterior to interior

during gastrulation cells move from... by altering shape and adhesion

invagination

pushing inward that occurs at an area of the grey crescent

dorsal lip

blastopore

the opening

laterally... ventrally

invagination continues... and then... forming the yolk plug

yolk plug

yolk plug

the blastopore as a complete circle with the dorsal lip, lateral lips, and ventral lip

involution

the rolling of cells over the edge of the lips into the interior

gastrocoel

gastrocoel

These cells will move away from the blastopore and form another cavity called the...

endoderm

mesoderm

ectoderm