urinary system

urinary system function

eliminates waste, maintains blood PH, excretion of water, maintains electrolytes

eliminates waste

removes organic/metabolic waste products from body

maintains blood PH

maintains and regulates the acid/base balance of blood

excretion of water

maintains blood volume and BP

maintains electrolytes

balances/regulates levels of electrolytes

gout aka hyperuricemia

toxic surplus, caused when crystals of uric acid accumulate in joints

kidneys

organs that form urine

urine

a fluid containing water, ions, and small soluble compounds

ureters

paired, tubular organs that carry urine from kidney to badder

urinary bladder

hollow muscular organ providing temporary storage for urine

urethra

tubular organ that transports urine from bladder to external opening

micturition

bladder and urethra is responsible for this which is elimination of urine

ren

kidney

renal artery

brings oxygenated blood into kidney

renal vein

brings deoxygenated blood out of kidney

fibrous capsule

thin, tough layer of tightly packed collagen fibers, outer covering of kidney

adipose capsule

fat layer for cushion and support

gerotas fascia

suspensory collagen fibers provide anchor to surrounding tissue

floating kidney or nephroptosis

can have severe complications if ureter and renal vessels twist

nephro

kidney

-ptosis

drooping

renal sinus

filled with adipose, internal cavity surrounding the pelvis

renal pyramid

conical tissue mass that makes up medulla

renal papilla

drains urine inward, central tip of pyramid

renal column

bands of cortical tissue that extend toward the sinus supporting adjacent pyramids and blood vessels

major and minor calyx

smaller cup shaped drain tubes for urine that merge to eventually form the renal pelvis and ureter

nephron

forming urine, filtering blood, reabsorbing nutrients, and secretion, maintain fluid and electrolytes

filtration

filtering of substances from glomerular blood to filtrate

reabsorption

movement of substances from filtrate to tubular fluid back to the blood

secretion

movement of substances from blood to tubular fluid in tubule

renal corpuscle

filtration, glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

renal tubule

reabsorption and secretion, PCT, loop of henle, DCT

glomerulus

ball of capillaries for creating filtrate (no gas exchange)

glomerulus tissue

simple squamous epithelium

afferent arteriole

leads into glomerulus

efferent arteriole

leads out of glomerulus

bowman’s capsule

(glomerular capsule)- cup shaped chamber

bowman’s capsule visceral layer tissue

made of podocytes (directly attached to/around glomerulus

renal corpuscle function

be a filter

filtrate

a protein free solution, containing smaller solutes that is not yet urine

bowman’s capsule parietal layer tissue

simple squamous epithelium (forms outer wall of capsule)

bowman’s capsule glomerular capsule space in between

where filtrate is collected

GFB

capillary endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane, podocytes of visceral glomerular capsule

GFB steps

a specialized 3layered blood filtration membrane that allows water and small solutes to pass into Bowman’s capsule space while restricting blood cells and large solutes

advantage of renal corpuscle

doesn’t require ATP as it uses pressure

disadvantage of renal corpuscle

allows small solutes into filtrate (ions & nutrients that we need in the body)

reabsorption and secretion involve

a combination of diffusion, osmosis, and cells transport to facilitate movement across the plasma membrane

PCT function

reabsorption

PCT reabsorption function

water and ions (K+, Cl-, Na+) and all organic nutrients (glucose and amino acids) are reabsorbed from the filtrate and diffuse back into the blood

PCT tissue

simple cuboidal endothelial cells are adapted with microvilli to facilitate osmosis and diffusion

loop of henle function

filtrate is now called tubular fluid (not yet urine)

descending limb function

reabsorption

descending limb: reabsorption function

reabsorption of a lot of water (increases solute concentration in tubular fluid)

ascending limb function

reabsorption

ascending limb: reabsorption function

reabsorption of more ions (Cl-, Na+)

DCT function

reabsorption & secretion

DCT reabsorption function

reabsorption of ions (Na+)

DCT secretion function

secretion of organic wastes (acids, ammonia, drugs) from blood into tubular fluid

DCT is key

the DCT is regulation for the RAAS that adjusts blood volume and pressure

collecting duct steps

continues some reabsorption of water and ions from the tubular fluid and drains tubular fluid into the calyces, renal pelvis, ureter where it’s called urine

collecting duct function

PH adjustment

collecting duct: pH adjustment function

biocarbonate ions, H+ are used to maintain blood pH

urinalysis

is a series of tests on ur urine sample used to screen for and diagnose health conditions

ureters (retroperitoneal)

muscular tubes that use peristalsis to move urine through the lumen from kidneys to the ureteral orifices in bladder

ureter tissues

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

ureter mucosa

inner, transitional epithelium (for expansion) and goblet cells, with underlying lamina propria

ureter muscularis

middle, smooth muscle outer circular and inner longitudinal (perform peristalsis)

ureter adventitia

outer, fibrous coat of loose areolar connective tissue and blood vessels -continuous with the fibrous capsule of kidney

urinary bladder

reservoir/stores urine

umbilical ligaments and connective tissue

hold in place in urinary bladder, anchor it to pelvic and pubic bones

trigone

triangular area at the floor of the bladder

internal urethral sphincter

provides involuntary control over discharge of urine

4 layers of the bladder

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia