STS Midterm Reviewer - Science, Technology, and Society

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the STS Midterm Reviewer covering historical advancements, paradigm shifts, industrial revolutions, and notable Philippine S&T contributions.

Science

A method for gathering knowledge about the natural and social world using observation and experiment to test claims and hypotheses continuously.

Technology

Recognized by Karl Marx as the point of articulation between the biological and social sides of humanity.

Systematized Science

An organized body of knowledge gained through an organized series of processes or procedures, serving as a systematic way of solving problems step-by-step.

Cuneiform

The first writing system, developed by the Sumerian civilization, that utilized word pictures and triangular symbols carved on clay using wedge instruments.

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

A structure built by the Sumerians, also called the Mountain of God, which served as a sacred place for their chief god.

Bitumen

A black sticky substance similar to asphalt used by the Sumerians to pour over sunbaked brick roads to facilitate easier travel.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

A structure comprising layers of gardens built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife, Queen Amytis.

Papyrus

A writing material created by the Egyptian civilization to address the issues associated with using heavy clay tablets.

Hieroglyphics

An ancient Egyptian system of writing that uses symbols.

Kohl

An ancient Egyptian cosmetic created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena.

Water Clock / Clepsydra

An ancient Egyptian time-keeping device that utilizes gravity to measure time.

Codex

An early form of bound book developed by the Romans, consisting of stacked papers initially bound by wax and later by animal skin.

Gunpowder

A mix of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate invented around 850 A.D. by Chinese alchemists who originally believed it to be an elixir for eternal life.

Printing Press

A machine invented by Johann Gutenberg that provided an efficient method of printing using cast type.

Compound Microscope

An optical tool invented by Zacharias Janssen in the 1590s used in scientific studies across medicine, forensics, and genetics.

Pasteurization

The process invented by French microbiologist Louis Pasteur of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that cause rapid spoiling.

SALt Lamp

Sustainable Alternative Lighting lamp invented by Filipina inventor Aisa Mijeno that runs on saltwater.

Medical Incubator

An invention by Dr. Fe Del Mundo created from two native laundry baskets heated by hot water bottles to help premature babies develop.

Thomas Kuhn

A philosopher of science who introduced the concept of paradigm shifts in his key 1962 work, 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'.

Paradigm

A framework of theories, methods, and standards that defines scientific research within a given discipline.

Normal Science

A stage in scientific development where research focuses on cumulative puzzle-solving within a dominant, established paradigm.

Crisis Stage

The stage in Thomas Kuhn's paradigm shift model marked by an accumulation of anomalies that the current paradigm cannot explain.

Copernican Revolution

The paradigm shift that rejected Ptolemy's geocentric model and established Nicholas Copernicus's heliocentric model of the solar system.

Darwinian Revolution

An intellectual shift sparked by Charles Darwin's 1859 book 'On the Origin of Species', which established evolution through natural selection.

Freudian Revolution

A revolution in psychiatry led by Sigmund Freud that emphasized psychoanalysis and the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

Industrial Revolution 1.0

The period from 1760 to 1840 in Great Britain marked by the birth of industry, powered by the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom.

Industrial Revolution 2.0

Known as 'The Age of Steel and Electricity' (1870 to 1914), defined by electrical power, assembly line mass production, and the telephone.

Industrial Revolution 3.0

'The Digital Revolution' (1969 to 2000), driven by personal computers, semiconductors, and the invention of the World Wide Web.

Industrial Revolution 4.0

'The Age of Information' (2010–present), characterized by artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and advanced robotics.

Industrial Revolution 5.0

An emerging era (2020s onward) focused on human-centric innovation, human-machine collaboration, ethical AI, and environmental sustainability technologies.

Quipu

A system of knotted ropes used by experts in the Inca civilization to keep records.

Ibn al-Haytham

Regarded as the Father of Optics for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.

PAGASA

An agency under DOST that provides critical weather forecasting and disaster preparedness services in the Philippines.

Balik Scientist Program

A Philippine government initiative established under Presidential Decree No. 819 and institutionalized under Republic Act 11035 to encourage Filipino experts abroad to return and share their knowledge.

Dr. Ramon C. Barba

A Filipino scientist who invented a breakthrough method using ethrel and potassium nitrate to induce flowering and fruiting in mango trees out of season.

Dr. Lourdes J. Cruz

A Filipino scientist who discovered and characterized over 50 biologically active conotoxins from cone snail venom for neuroscience research.

Dr. Rafael D. Guerrero III

A Filipino scientist who developed tilapia sex-reversal technology using synthetic hormones to produce all-male populations.

Dr. Edgardo D. Gomez

A Filipino marine scientist who led the world's first national-scale assessment of coral reef damage and pioneered giant clam breeding.