Interventional Radiography (Unit 3)

two / two

When operating a digital fluoroscopic tube there are ____ sections of the operator console and _____ monitors

Radiographic mode, which is hundreds of mA

What mode do digital fluoroscopic tubes operate on?

Through pulse progressive mode

What describes how radiation comes out of a digital fluoroscopic tube?

30

Pulse progressive mode can have up to ____ pulses per second

10 frames/sec

What is the image acquisition rate of digital fluoroscopy tubes that use a pulse progressive mode?

Interrogation Time

What refers to the time the fluoroscopic tube takes to turn on and select the kVp and mA?

Extinction Time

What refers to the time the fluoroscopic tube takes to shut down the generator in less than 1 millisecond?

Duty Cycle

What refers to the time the fluoroscopic tube is energized?

Charge Coupled Device (CCD)

What device replaced the TV cameras and converts light photons into an electrical signal?

On the output phosphor

Where is the CCD mounted on the image intensifier?

Light and lower level electronic noise

What two things are CCDs greatly sensitive to?

Spatial resolution and contrast resolution

What two image quality factors are improved with CCDs?

Cesium iodide pixel detectors

What type of detectors do flat panel image detectors (FPIRs) use?

- Smaller (more compact)

- Easier to manipulate

- Uniform images (no vignetting)

What are the three advantages of the flat panel image detectors?

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

What device converts images and sends them to a computer for storage?

Window level, window width, edge enhancement, digital subtraction

What post-processing methods can the digital image be manipulated with?

On a hard drive, compact disk, teleradiology system, or a print on film

Where are digital images stored?

Digital fluoroscopy tubes

Between analog fluoroscopy tubes and digital fluoroscopy tubes, which has a lower patient dose?

Lowers the patient's dose

What effect does the pulse progressive mode have on the patient's dose?

Last Image Hold

What reduces the patient dose by holding the last image taken on the video system?

Temporal Frame Averaging

What decreases noise by averaging the current frame information with the previous image?

How many minutes you used fluoro and how much radiation the patient was exposed to during fluoro

By law, what two things have to be recorded?

Venography

What interventional procedure is the radiographic injection of contrast media into the veins?

Arteriography

What interventional procedure is the radiographic injection of contrast media into the arteries?

Angiography

What interventional procedure was first performed in the 1930s, and is the injection of contrast media into the vessels (veins and arteries)?

The first cardiac angiogram done trans-brachial

What interventional procedure was first performed in the 1960s?

Trans-femoral angiograms for the brain, cardiac, and selective visceral arteries

What interventional procedure was also performed in the 1960s, but was the most common?

Sven Seldinger

In 1953, who created the basic principles of performing interventional procedures?

1. needle

2. stylet

3. guidewire

4. catheter

5. Iodinated contrast media

What are the steps in the Sven Seldinger method for performing interventional procedures?

Stainless steel because it shows up on fluoroscopy

What material is used for guidewires and why?

Heparin or Teflon

What are the guidewires coated in so that the guidewire does not stick to the vessel?

To allow safe access to the vessels

What is the purpose of a guidewire?

shapes / French

Catheters come in many ________ and ________ sizes

3 feet long

Approximately how many feet is a catheter?

Hepranized Saline

What substance is used to flush catheters before injecting contrast media in interventional procedures?

A power injector

What tool is used to inject nonionic iodinated contrast media?

Compression on the femoral artery for about 20-30 min

What is done after the interventional procedure is over and the catheter is removed from the femoral artery?

Digital Subtraction

What post-processing method removes all anatomy except the contrast-filled vessels?

Roadmapping

What shows the advancement of guidewires and catheters?

A C-arm with digital fluoro

What piece of equipment is required for interventional procedures?

Mounted to the ceiling

When performing interventional procedures, where is the ideal place for a monitor to be?

Microfocus focal spot and 0.3mm - 1.0mm

What type of focal spot is used for interventional procedures, and what are their sizes?

A high frequency generator

What type of generator is used for interventional procedures?

A floating or moving tabletop

What type of tabletop is used for interventional procedures?

Allows less patient dose as long as the fluoro time is not excessive

What does digital fluoro allow for the patient dose?