AP World History (ch 1)

The earliest versions of human species first emerged in __________.

East Africa

How did the Neolithic Age differ from the Paleolithic Age?

People began to deliberately shape tools and build wooden objects.

The arrival of humans in Australia, Oceania, and some parts of the Americas demonstrated that __________.

water routes were also an important factor in migration patterns

What was one direct effect of early patterns of migration and dispersion among different groups of people?

Humans began to develop different values and habits that were suitable to their particular region.

Which of the following is an essential feature of an agricultural economy?

regular plantings of grains and other crops as well as the domestication of some animals

Although archaeologists and historians are unsure of why people first decided to abandon hunting and gathering for an agricultural society, they are able to conclude that one factor leading to this transition was __________.

improvement of available technologies that made it possible to produce farm implements

The harder work demanded from members living in agricultural societies directly resulted in __________.

the decline and breakdown of many social relationships

Many women generally found it difficult to protest against patriarchal societies because they __________.

accepted arguments that it was their duty to obey and serve men

Which of the following agricultural innovations contributed to the development of complex societies known as civilizations?

sophisticated irrigation systems

One common feature shared by early civilizations was their __________.

development along fertile river valleys

What did nineteenth-century European historians perceive about early civilizations that differs from earlier ideas about these complex groups of ancient societies?

Specific complex societies, such as white European societies, rose to higher levels because of racial superiority.

Hammurabi's Law Code demonstrates that the legal system in Babylon __________.

was based largely on social relations and family structure

Which of the following generalizations best applies to the development of ancient complex societies?

Emerging civilizations were distinguished by variations in their cultures and institutions.

Confucianism differed from other philosophical and religious movements that originated in classical civilizations because it __________.

focused on the here and now rather than exploring the afterlife

What was one feature common to most classical social systems?

collective family and kinship-centered obligations taking precedent over the individual

What other major religious system besides Buddhism originated on the Indian subcontinent?

Hinduism

Classical Mediterranean civilizations in Greece and Rome differed from civilizations in India and China that existed at the same time in that they __________.

did not immediately develop a systematic cultural system but rather continued to emphasize polytheism

When compared to other classical civilizations that existed between 200 and 600 C.E., which complex society encountered less-severe challenges to its survival?

India

What was one major consequence of the fall of the Roman Empire?

Areas of the former empire in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa were opened to new influences.

What conclusion can be made about the trade networks that emerged along the "Silk Roads"?

Few, if any, people traveled the entire length of the Silk Roads.

The factors most accelerating the onset of the postclassical period were the __________.

fall of the Roman Empire and the Han dynasty

Christianity began as a reform movement within __________.

Judaism

Unlike Christianity, Islam was able to __________ by the year 1200.

transcend different cultures and political systems

Muhammad ruled that Islamic art not show images of humans or animals because depicting living objects __________.

could promote polytheism

What major role did Arab merchants play in the development of Islam as one of the world's great religions?

They helped diffuse this faith's principles to regions beyond the Middle East and North Africa through their trading networks.

Cultural interactions that combined separate traditions around the year 1000 C.E. included the development of Swahili, a language that combines __________ words.

Arab and African

The establishment of Timbuktu as a key center of Islamic learning in Mali demonstrated that __________.

Arab trading and missionary influence affected sub-Saharan Africa

The apprentice and journeyman system was established in agricultural societies primarily to __________.

promote and preserve craftmanship

Commodities such as slaves, gold, exotic African animals, and spices demonstrated that interregional trade around the year 1000 C.E. relied largely on __________.

luxury goods

Increased networks of interactions that took place by 1000 C.E. led to __________.

a shift from regional factors to a primitive version of globalization

Which of the following developments in human species initially took place during the Neolithic Age?

use of primitive boats

How did women most enhance the development of an initial human economy that was based on hunting and gathering during the Paleolithic Age?

The fruits, nuts, and seeds they gathered contributed more caloric value to the human diet.

What conclusion can be made about the migration of Homo sapiens by 10,000 B.C.E.?

Humans had reached almost every part of the world that is currently inhabited

Which role did women play in ancient agricultural societies?

They almost certainly introduced the initial innovations of tools that made farming possible.

What was the greatest advantage that agriculture had over hunting and gathering?

It supported larger numbers of people and higher birth rates.

How did the initial spread of agriculture differ from the spread of human populations?

Agriculture initially spread from the Middle East to other parts of the world rather than from East Africa.

In the ancient world, civilized societies distinguished themselves from "barbaric" or "savage" populations through __________.

cultural characteristics such as language

The terms barbarians and Chichimecs coined by the Greeks and Aztecs demonstrated that these civilizations regarded neighboring people who were not part of their societies as __________.

culturally inferior

Hammurabi's Law Code regulated the behavior of citizens in __________.

Mesopotamia

What role did historical figures such as Confucius, Buddha, Plato, and Aristotle play in the classical world?

They were intellectual leaders who defined their societies' values.

Technological innovations such as paper, the wheelbarrow, the compass, and gunpowder all originated in __________.

China

Social order under the Indian caste system can best be described as __________.

rigidly divided between social classes with little opportunity for upward mobility

How did members of classical societies who belonged to elite groups justify their greater status, wealth, and power when compared to peasants, slaves, and other members of their civilization's population?

Creation myths and religious beliefs threatened divine punishment if social hierarchies were challenged.

Although Chinese, Indian, and Mediterranean traditions were different from each other, what was one common cultural attribute shared by these three classical civilizations?

They supported considerable social and political stability.

What role did the city of Constantinople play toward the end of the classical era?

It served as the capital for the remnants of a defeated Roman Empire.

The two most important networks of interregional trade that developed during the classical period were __________.

the "Silk Roads" and shipping networks through the Indian Ocean

Although Islam and Christianity developed new cultural frameworks, they also __________.

adopted intellectual legacies left by Greece and Rome

The newly emerged complex societies in Russia and Japan during the postclassical period __________.

heavily borrowed cultural attributes from long-established neighboring civilizations

Which factor had the greatest impact on encouraging people to convert to Christianity?

support of this faith by the Roman emperor in the fourth century C.E.

What generalization can be made about the divisions that took place within Christianity and Islam in the postclassical period?

Divisions within Islam proved to be less territorial than those in Christianity.

During its height in the tenth and eleventh centuries, Arab civilization can best be described as __________.

a dynamic combination of religion, religious laws, and an exchange of intellectual ideas

One common feature shared by Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity is that these three religions are __________.

missionary in nature

Although Japan borrowed many cultural elements from China, it retained its own __________.

language

For what reason might some people have wanted their children to become slaves rather than operate as independent wage earners?

Owners fed their slaves regularly to protect their financial investment.

One negative effect of the rise of extensive trade networks in the postclassical world was __________.

the spread of disease