ELEMENT GROUP 1-3

HYDROGEN

is small and non-polar so the _ atoms can only attract each other through weak London Forces.

HYDROGEN

is the most abundant element in the universe and accounts for 89% of all atoms.

London Forces

weakest intramolecular force that hold the atoms together in a molecule.

Isotopes

same elements with same atomic number but different mass, therefore different number of neutrons

Hydrogen or prontium

most abundant isotope

O 2 + 2 H2 = 2 H2O

to form water - chemical formula

2 H2O = O 2 + 2 H2

To form oxygen and hydrogen - chemical formula

Electrolysis of water

The breakdown of water to form oxygen and hydrogen

* Light (Low Density)
* Clean burning
* Plenty of abundant H in water (good source of fuel)

Reasons why hydrogen is a good source of fuel

cation (H+) and anion (H-)

Hydrogen can form both?

HYDROGEN

Third most abundant element in earth’s crust in combination with other elements

HYDROGEN

the lightest element.

Lindé method

hydrogen can be form thru _method:

liquefaction (gas to liquid) using a Lindé apparatus.

o Inflating balloons

o Welding torches (H burns with oxygen and produces high temperature).

o Used in Haber Process (Nitrogen Fixation) for the production of Ammonia.

Functions of hydrogen

Nitrogen fixation

when atmospheric N2 is converted into usable N2 compounds.

hydrogen

nitrogen

fluorine

oxygen

iodine

chlorine

bromine

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Have no fear of ice cold beer

6\.941 or 7

atomic weight of the lithium

LITHIUM

Lightest of all metals

Bridge element

elements of the 2nd period that share the same characteristics to the element of the 3rd period of the next group.

“Lithos,”

which means Earth stone.

* Anode (+) in Battery due to ease of oxidation.
* Heat exchanger in air conditioner.
* Treatment for Mania, Depressant effect and diuretic.

Functions of Lithium

Eskalith, Lithase, Quilonium R

Brand names of Li2CO3

Mania

heightened euphoria, energy, excitement and sudden mood changes. Symptom of bipolar disorderS

* strong polarizing power
* Forms bond with highly covalent character

Small size Li cation causes?

Humpry Davy, electrolysis

Sodium and potassium was discovered by *_ through* _?

“Natrium”

meaning nature

* sodium ascorbate
* Naproxen Sodium
* Diclofenac Sodium
* Phenobarbital Sodium
* 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate sodium - MESNA

Drugs in the market that has sodium

Liberation

**release of drug from dosage form); disintegration and dissolution**

Absorption

site of administration to blood circulation

Distribution

from systemic circulation to target sites.

Metabolism

convert into a form that is easily excreted.

Excretion

in the form of urine

Sodium

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Potassium in Sodium out

MOST abundant extracellular cation (PISO)

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* Used for the treatment (with caution) of cardiac and renal condition.
* Responsible for FLUID RETENTION
* Nerve impulse transmission
* Maintain osmolarity.

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Functions of Sodium:

kerosine or mineral oil

Stored form of sodium

Potassium

Most Abundant Intracellular Cation

* For Muscular Contraction
* Diuretic effect

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Functions of potassium

Hypokalemia

low potassium levels in the blood due to severe burns, diarrhea, deficiency in potassium and other causes

Hyperkalemia

Arrythmia (irregular heartbeat)

Muscle weakness and Muscle Paralysis

Signs of hypokalemia

Kalium Durule

KCl available in the market under the brand names *_ _ , that are used*

*when a patient is low on potassium.*

* Weakly basic
* solutions of Ammonium Salts are acidic

Differences from Group IA Metal Compounds of Ammonium

Magnesium

is the only one used as a metal,

Beryllium

least metallic

Beryllium

is quite rare and costly.

Ca, Sr and Ba

too reactive elements in group 2

Radium

only occurs as radioactive isotopes.

Ca, Sr and Ba

elements in group 2 that reacts with water

Magnesium

element that reacts with steam liberating H gas and formation of an alkaline solution.

Beryllium oxide

element in group 2 that is amphoteric - can act either as an acid or a base

Glucinum

callled _ because of its sweet taste

Be

MOST TOXIC METAL

Mg

**LIGHTEST of all STRUCTURALLY IMPORTANT METALS**

Dow Process

process of producing Mg

Mg

2nd MOST ABUNDANT INTRACELLULAR CATION

Calcium Gluconate

ANTIDOTE for Mg TOX

Mg

Natural Ca Channel Blocker – prevents muscle contractions.

Mg

Metals present in Chlorophyll.

* R – alkyl chain or aryl ring
* Mg – magnesium
* X – halogens

Component of Grignard’s Reagent used for the synthesis of alcohols

Be

**Tends to replace Ca and Mg in the Body**

* SILICATES: Talc and Asbestos
* CARBONATES: Magnesite, Dolomite
* SULFATE: Kieserite

NATURAL SOURCES OF MG

Ca

2nd most abundant extracellular cation

Ca

Cation of Hydroxyapatite (major constituent of bones and teeth)

* Forms many insoluble compounds that lead to pharmaceutical incompatibility.
* Calcium tends to precipitate which is not good for pharmaceutical products.

Cons of calcium in pharmaceutical uses

* For Muscle Contraction
* Structural Mineral of Bones and Teeth
* Aids in Release of Neurotransmitters (Epi and NE)
* For maximum Absorption, VITAMIN D is needed.

Pharmacological Properties of calcium

* Bones fail to calcify.
* Calcium salts are not deposited.
* Bones becomes soft and rubbery, easily deformed.

effects of osteomalacia and rickets

* Porous Bones
* More calcium is lost than absorbed
* Bones susceptible to fracture

effects of osteoporosis

Tooth Desensitizing agent

Pharmaceutical use of Strontium chloride

Sedative

Pharmaceutical use of Strontium bromide

Baritosis

Toxicity by Inhalation

manifested in the lungs

MgSO4 and/or Na2SO4

antidote for barium

* Brick red
* yellow
* purple
* green

colors of each element

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Ca -

Na -

K -

Ba -

Ba

Most Active Group IIA element

Curie

Old Unit for Radioactivity of Barium

Becquerel

SI unit of Ba

Pitchblende Ore

Source of Ra

Al

most abundant metal

Al

3rd most abundant element in the universe

demulcent

relieves irritation of the mucus membranes.

Eka-aluminum

before Gallium was discovered, it was already predicted that there would be an element with the same property as Gallium. They are empty in the periodic table.

Ga

Substitute for Hg in manufacturing of arc lamp, dental alloy

gallium

melting point of Al

Tl

Most toxic of the group IIIA

green tongue and alopecia.

effects of thalium poisoning

petroleum refining

Most commercial H2 is obtained as a byproduct of

a) sodium nitrate – chile saltpeter

b) sodium aluminum fluoride – cryolite

c) sodium tetraborate – Borax

Other naturally occurring sodium compounds include

K

Most reactive of all metals

Ce

Most active metal