defintions Chapter 9 pathophysiology

Acidosis

Increase in extra cellular H^+ ion; a blood pH of less than 7.35

Acquired immunity

Occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader

Activation

Inflammatory response, the stage in which mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of selectins and integrins on the surface of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, respectively

Adhesion

Inflammatory response, the stage characterized by attachment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells, mediated by selectins and integrins

Alcoholic ketoacidosis

A state that manifests because of inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse. The liver and body experience inadequate fuel reserves of glycogen and, therefore, have to switch to fatty acid metabolism

Alkalosis

A decrease in extra cellular H^+ ions; a blood pH greater 7.45

Angiogenesis

The growth of new blood vessels

Antibody

A protein secreted by certain immune cells that bind antigens to make them more visible to the immune system

Antigen

A forgiven substance recognized by the immune system

Apoptosis

Normal cell death

Atopic

An allergic tendency

Atrophy

A decrease in cell size due to a loss of subcellular components

Autoantibodies

Anti antibodies directed against the self

Autoimmunity

The production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissues of one’s own body producing hypersensitivity reaction reactions or an autoimmune disease

Autosomal dominant

A pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on the autosomes,(any chromosome other than sex chromosomes), Inheritance of only one copy of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait.

Autosomal recessive

A pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on the autosomes, (any chromosome other than sex chromosomes) inheritance of two copies of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait.

Cardiogenic shock

A condition caused by loss of 40% or more of the functioning myocardium the heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral Oxygen delivery

Carpopedal spasm

A contorted position in which the fingers or toes flex in a claw like manner may result from hyper ventilation or hypocalcemia

Cell-mediated immunity

Immune process by which T cells lymphocytes recognize antigens, and then secrete cytokines (specifically lymphokines) that attract other cells or become cytotoxic cells themselves, and kill, infected or abnormal cells

Central shock

A type of shock caused by central pump failure, including cardiogenic, shock and obstructive shock

Chemotaxins

Components of the activated complement system that attract leukocytes from circulation to help fight infections

Chemotaxis

The movement of polymorphousclear neutrophils toward the sight of inflammation and response to chemotactic factors released by bacteria or formed from activated complement, chemokines, or arachidonic acid derivatives (such as leukotrienes) in response to cell injury.

Coagulation system

A system that serves a vital role in the formation of blood clots in blood vessels, inflammation triggers, the cascade complex series of reactions that encourage fibrin formation

Complement system

A group of plasma proteins that attract white blood cells to sites of inflammation activated, white blood cells, and directly destroy cells

Cytokines

The product of cells that affect the function of other cells

Distributive shock

Caused by widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles) the capacitence vessels (small venules), or both

Dysplasia

An alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells

Edema

Swelling caused by excessive fluid, trapped in the body‘s tissues

Fibrin

The protein that polymerizes bonds to form the fibrous component of a blood clot

Fibrinolysis cascade

The breakdown of fiber in and blood clots in the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots

Free radicals

Molecules that are missing one electron in their outer shell

Gallstones

Stone like masses in the gallbladder or it’s ducts caused by precipitation of substances contained in bile, such as cholesterol, and bilirubin, also known as choleliths

General adaptation syndrome

A three stage reaction to stressors either physical, such as an injury or a emotional such as a loss of a loved one the stages include alarm resistance or adaptation and exhaustion

Gram-negative

A reaction of bacteria to a gram stain in which the bacteria do not retain the dark purple stain such bacteria have cell walls that consist largely of lipids and have pathogenic qualities that make them, especially problematic for humans

Gram- positive

A reaction of bacteria to a gram stain in which the bacteria retain the dark purple stain such as bacteria that have thick cell walls, composed of many layers peptidoglycan Amino acids and glucose

Hapten

A substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response, but can be combined with an antigen and a later time initiate a specific antibody on its own

Helper T cells

A type of lymphocyte that is involved in cell meditated and antibody meditated, immune responses, It’s secretes cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells

Hemochromatosis

An inherited autosomal recessive disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs, and then stores in the liver, kidneys and pancreas

Hemolytic anemia

A disease characterized by increased destruction of red blood cells. This disorder has several causes such as an RH factor blood transfusion reaction, most likely to occur in the neonate population a disorder of immune system and exposure to bacterial toxins or chemicals, such as benzene

Hemophilia

An inherited sex linked disorder characterized by excessive bleeding

Histamine

A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability causes vasodilation and can cause bronchoconstriction, nausea and vomiting.

Humoral immunity

A type of immunity in which B cells lymphocytes produce antibodies, called immunoglobulins which recognize a specific antigen and then react with it

Hypercholesterolemia

An elevated blood cholesterol level

Hyperplasia

An increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of cells due to synthesis of more subcellular components, which intern leads to an increase in tissue and organ size

Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis

A major part of the neuron endocrine system that controls reactions to stress the mechanism for a set of interactions among glands, hormones, and parts of the mid brain that meditate the general adaptation syndrome

Immunogen

An antigen capable of generating an immune response

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies secreted by B cells

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease in the population

Interferon

A protein produced by cells in response to viral invasion that is released into the bloodstream or intracellular fluid to induce healthy cells to manufacture an enzyme that counters the infection

Interleukins

Chemical substances that attract white blood cells to the sites of an injury and bacterial invasions

Isoimmunity

The formation of anti antibodies or T cells that are directed against the antigens on another person cells, typically after the transplantation of an organ or tissues

Ketoacidosis

And acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism

Ketones

Acidic byproducts of fat metabolism

Killer T cells

The cells release during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen bearing target cells

Kinin system

A group of polypeptides that mediate inflammatory responses by stimulating, visceral, smooth muscle and relaxing, vascular, smooth muscle to produce vasodilation

Lactic acidosis

The product product of anaerobic cellular respiration which occur occurs when tissues and organs are in adequately perfused as in shock and cardiac arrest arrest

Leukocytosis

An increased number of leukocytes in the blood often due to inflammation

Leukotrienes

Arachidonic acid metabolites that function as chemical mediators of inflammation also also known as slow- reacting substances of anaphylaxis

Lymphokines

Release by lymphocytes, including many of the interleukins, gamma, interferon, tumor necrosis, factor beta, and chemokines

Margination

In the inflammatory response, the stage in which the loss of fluid from blood vessels into the inflamed or infected tissue, increases the viscosity of blood remaining in the vessels which slows the flow of blood and produces stasis

Membrane attack complex

Molecules that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane, weakening those areas in the membrane

Metaplasia

A reversible cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Morbidity

The presence of disease or incidence or prevalence of a disease

Mortality

The number of deaths from a disease in each population

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

A grave, but sometimes reversible condition in a critically injured ill patient characterized by the concurrent failure of two or more organs or organ systems that were initially unharmed by the acute disorder or injury that caused the patient’s current illness

Natural immunity

A nonspecific cellular and humoral antibody response that operates as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens also called native immunity

Necrosis

The death of tissue usually caused by cessation of the blood supply

Neurogenic shock

A type that usually results from spinal cord injury, loss of normal, sympathetic nervous system tone, and vasodilation occur

Obstructive shock

A type that occurs when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels

Oliguria

Decreased urine output

Opsonization

The process by which an antibody quotes and antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells

Pathophysiology

The study of physiology of altered functioning in the presence of disease

Pericardial tamponade

The impairment of diastolic filling of the right and left ventricle due to significant amount of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart leading to a decreased in the cardiac output

Peripheral shock

Shock caused by peripheral circulatory abnormalities includes hypovolemic, shock, and distributive shock

Phagocytes

White blood cells that in Gulf and consume foreign materials, such as microorganisms and cellular debris

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs)

A type of white blood cells formed by bone marrow tissues that has a nucleus consisting of several parts or lobes connected by fine strands

Polyuria

Frequent and plenty full urination

Prevalence

The number of cases of a disease or condition in particular population within a particular period

Prostaglandins

A group of lipids that acts as chemical messengers and reproduction the inflammatory response to infection and pain precipitation

Pyrogens

Chemicals or proteins that travel to the brain where they affect the hypothalamus and stimulate a rise in the body’s core temperature

Serotonin

A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability causes vasodilation and can cause bronchoconstriction nausea and vomiting

Serum Sickness

A condition in which antigen Antibody complexes formed in the bloodstream, become deposited in sites around the body, most notably, the kidneys resulting inflammatory reaction there

Transmigration (diapedesis)

In the inflammatory response, the stage in which polymorphonuclear neutrophils permeate, the vessel walls passing into the interstitial space

Urticaria

Multiple small raised areas on the skin that may be one of the warning signs of impending anaphylaxis, also known as hives

Vasculities

An inflammation of the blood vessels

Vasoactive amines

Substances such as histamine and serotonin that increase vascular permeability cause vasodilation and can cause bronchoconstriction, nausea and vomiting

Virulence

A measure of the disease causing ability of a microorganism

Huntington Disease

A fatal inherited, neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain