History unit 1

City/Empire Beijing/JingTai/Confuciasm

JingTai Emporer was elected as Eunchus put his brother in jail and refused to pay ransom. Then they put JinjTai in jail and elected his brother. Shows that they’re stingy with money and they are more than just palace guards, they have branches of teh government and hold more power than then emporer. Confusiasm was enforced by the bureacrats and had to be practiced for many years.

Ming Dynasty/how did it start/what did he believe his reason was

1368-1644. Led by Yuan Dynasty, started with peasent uprising when kicking out the Mongols. Zhu Yuan Zhang the emporer was a fighter in distinction, he kicked out the mongol and started with the Peasent uprising. Was known as the HongWu Emperor. He believed he had the mandate from god to kick them out and rule.

Centralization of power

HongWu reduced the power of the Eunuchs and increased power of the bureaucrats and they became corrupt. There was a repressive regime with secret spies and they killed off the competition. He also made a a strong army to secure his power

Tolerance/What did he do for the peasants

Was tolerant of other religions but he followed confusiasm. Ensured that peasants wouldn’t be over taxed on their land and was able to farm.

Yonge Emporer 3rd/What did he build and create

He built the forbidden city and moved the capital to Beijing to centralize his power. Creation of Yongle Encyclopedia which is the Greatest Chinese literature book. Made wooden blocks for printing and mass production bit they were less efficient because the blocks would rot.

Voyages of Yongle Empire

1403-1433 Known as the exploration emperor. Zheng He was the official who lead the production and building of the big boats. 7 mission sent out through Southeast Asia and Africa. Yongle was the head of Shipbuilding and created the standard assembly line. Could fit around 1000 people.

Creations and advancements

White and blue dishes came from Ming dynasty, called fine china and grew in popularity because of the freer market. They didn’t colonize they were interventionists. A lot of tech and agriculture advancements.

Technotitlan beginning and Triple Alliance

1325 CE Mexica people founded Technotitlan-island with swamp in lake Texacoco. the empire began when Technotitlan joined the Acolhua and Tepanecs together for military and political power in the region called the triple alliance. three cities working together to keep peace in the region and trade.

Classes and structure, hierarchy, triple alliance

Technotitlan is the heart and center of the empire because they believed that ancient city was the birthplace of the sun. Therefore Mexicans were the rich and high rulers, the Acolhua were the lower class, and the Tepanecs were the builders and researchers.

Agriculture and building

Building wizards, built trading center so people can sell. The lower class would build on the marshy swamps with no foundation and they built canals and bridges to connect the land. Around 50,000 men were used. Created Causeways for travel like Venice and the Tepanecs built aqueducts to bring fresh spring water. Late 15th century they built central highways. They also built a 15 story temple out of volcanic stone in the center.

Aztec Society

Sophisticated ranks and classes. Mendoza Codex is rules of living and the tribute system. It helped the Spanish king understand classes, education, sexes… It also stated that the triple alliance would be paid in items and goods. They had fresh water and bathed so much that their immune systems were weak.

Relationship: Language: Education: Tribute system:

relationship: concubines and polygamY

Language: Nahuatl

Education: Nobles and commoners education taught military tactics

Tribute system: People get taken over and pay tribute to the leader. Prayer to the sun god is by human sacrifice.

The Ottoman Empire - Osman Saultan

1300-1500. Middle East today, Being attacked by mongols and byzantine empire. Followers of Osman the Sultan became ottomans. He ruled with an “iron fist”. In the next 20 years he took territories, granted religious freedom to christians when they contributed.

Orhan

The son of Osman, expanded and colonized the balkans.

Early Ottoman Society/what happens to the christians

Civilization develops, infrastructure, agriculture, buildings, and currency. If you were Christian you were lesser, Dhimmi is a non muslim individual and Millet is a non muslim community. The Dvershinme system forced 12 year old christian boys to fight in the muslim army. It was bad but also you got converted to muslim and therefore got protection and status.

Janissaries

Loyal to the Saultan and frantricide brutality within the Sultan family

Mehmed the 2nd, the conquerer of Constantinople

Conquered the capital of Byzantine empire. When he was 12 his father was captured and he had to take over as Sultan. The Janissaries wanted to control him and abuse his power, but he needed to prove himself. 1450 - set his sights on Constantinople, major operations, spies, canons, planning. Made it a mosque.

Constantinople turns into Istanbul

Mehmed reinvigorated the crumbling city, rebuilt major Bazar, revitalized merchant class. Needed a population to give back to the empire and build so he invited jews and christians to live there with promise of free land and protection.

What did he build and what did he conquer.

He built a city within a city like the Topkapi Palace like the forbidden city in the Ming Dynasty. He conquered other muslim nations.

Selim/what did he conquer and colonize/what was he compared to

After Mehmed turned on Arab nations and conquered and colonized the holy cities of Jerusalem, Medina, and Mecca. Ottomans controlled majority of muslim world and was compared to Alexander the Great-Selim the magnificent. Commander and warrior went into Hungary and made it to the Gates of Vienna but failed to get in.

His influence and laws

He was influenced by European Style and built a major naval fleet. He was known as the Lawgiver created a system based on Precedent and case, what happens before affects now. He needed laws to be compatible with western christian traditions.

The Sultans and love

In islam, Using Harems to keep the line going of emperors and having polygamy was common. Suleiman really took on the christian tradition of falling in love and having children with the same woman.

African empires - sub Saharan trade routes

Trade routes from west to eats. Allowed West Africa to grow in economics, politics while Europe fell in despair.

3 major empires

Mali, ghana, Songhai

8th century Ghana empire, Wagadow

Camels domesticated for trade route and transportation, they were a trade post.

The Mali empire/who took over the trade routes/Sundiata conquered what and what was power like and life

1230-1468: Islamic Caliphates took over the trade routes. Sundiata Keita took over and also Ghana and other kingdoms in the Upper Miger river. Had a standing army to protect them. The king had total control and power, empire was centralized and slaves were loyal. Tributes were taken from other land, chiefs and power but overseen by government. Multi ethnic an lingual because of expansion.

Mali Empire - routes

four centuries it was the centre of the trade routes. Gold was a common recourse and was traded for salt to keep meat ready. He taxed the trade routes, bought and sold commodities.

The Mali Empire: Monsa Munsa/what did he bring to the empire what did he build and what did he do for the empire

Strongest leader and wealthiest on earth. Brought Islam to the empire. Famous pilgrimage to Mecca where he flung gold in the air. Helped build the city of Tumbuktu which was the centre of knowledge in Africa. Helped improve the mosque and build the sankara library. Islam was ahead in intelligence which Brough architects, scholars, engineers. The empire just grew and grew.

Medieval times - split and Constantine

Split between West(Byzantine) and East(Roman Empire). Constantine was a very famous emperor who saved the empire in 4th century AD. He spread christianity and built the strong and amazing city constantinople becoming the Byzantine empire. Becoming the orthodox greek church.

Charlemagne

Split between two churches. A bunch of groups ruled the west which caused weakness. Charlemagne took over and was able to make it under the Roman Empire. He then worked with Constantine and united state and church. Constantine is the Pope and Charlemagne is the Holy Roman Emperor.

The Feudal System

Little kingdoms ruling each other. Kings, tenants/lords, knights, peasants in the hierarchy.

Medicine in Medieval times

Monks and nuns primarily looked after the sick. Because religion is opposite of science, there wasn’t a lot of scientific progress. Montasaries were hospitals. the body was believed to be made up of 4 fluids, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood. When there was a balance you were healthy when there was an imbalance you were sick.

Education

Many great universities originated in the 12th century. Took ideas from other cultures, scholars were under the master, and religion was incorporated.

The Black Death

1347-1350: Bubonic plague, rats on a ship from china. Killed around 50 million people in Europe. People blamed on the jews because they were the least affected because of their cleaning rituals, so it led to antisemetism.