UNC Anth 142 Midterm

Global and local as interconnected, entangled realms

global impacts local and local impacts global

Thick description

not just extra details about observations, but explanation of how things impact the person

Connection Between Cultures and Communities

ex. Turkish population moving to Germany and bringing their Turkish culture so that it parallels Turkey; German community anxious about this change

Connection Between systems of power and Everyday life

ex. white males have more power than others, better life

Connection between material conditions, meaning, and experience

ex. idea of McDonalds moving to other countries, but have different meaning in each place

Enviva Wood Pellets Case Study

Europe extracting wood pellets from NC taking away our forests

-Extractivism: countries extract resources from communities and local areas

-when NC runs out of forests, the economy in Europe falls apart and so does the economy in NC

Globalization

intensification of global interconnectedness suggesting world full of movement and mixture, contact and linkages and persistent cultural interaction and exchanges

What circulates in global flow?

capital, people, labor, commodities, images, styles, ideologies

Time space compression (Harvey)

Shrinking of space and shortening of time

-accelerates the movement of things

-ex. amazon can bring something that is ordered to someone in a couple of hours

Time-Space Distanciation (Giddens)

Face-to-face contact with those in remotes places

-"interlacing of social events and social relations at a distance with local contextualization"

-ex. sending money to families without being with them (Western Union)

Anthropological understandings of culture

Customs specific to a certain place makes our lives meaningful

-Construct meaning through practices of symbolic representation

Deterritorialization

cultural forms taken out of original context and taken somewhere else

West-Rest Relationships -- Assumptions of Core-Periphery

globalization is leading to a homogenization of the rest of the world

-everything in the west flows to the rest

People's role with Global Flow

people are active recipients, take these agents and to different things

Reverse cultural flows

globalization is too complex to be just westernization

creating new prospects for new ideas to emerge

Is globalization a homogenizing process?

No. Globalization blends cultures together in different ways

-categories become blurred

Periphery-Periphery relations

Americanism is not often as worrisome as other systems

Cultural dislocations

centers in other locations

Limits of global mobility

-asymmetrical flow: certain things flow but others do not

-creating inequal development

-puts power in the hands of the "developers"

-idea of advancement is skewed

What is culture

the behaviors and things people do in certain countries

-customs used to make our lives meaningful

Reterritorialization

whatever is flowing is constructed symbolically in a different way

Customization

making new ideas and cultures your own

Flow and friction

friction is necessary for things to move

Creek vs. the Land

the creek is what makes things move, but it impacts the environment around it

- the movement of things and ideas impacts the place it moves to

Structural violence

things that pushed them out of their homeland

-ex. policies that caused harm

Liminality

the place between or betwixt

-the journey

-the stuck in between time/place

commodifiction of migrants

-used as labor on world market

-human struggling

-mules in the drug trade

-targets of robbery and kidnapping

Danger of "out of place"

have no place and no protection, so can be manipulated and used

Global past

the histories that brought us to the current globalization

-the way that globalization occurred shapes the modernity of today

-colonialization created unequal development

What was unique about European imperialism/colonialism?

-Europe controlled 90% of world mass

-involuntary incorporation into the history of capitalism

-Europe called others "savages" putting them ahead of all others

Gellner's View of Colonialism as a byproduct of modernity

-modernity definition is biased, one sided

-Chinas was more developed than others but Britain still colonized them

-leaves out the world view of the locals

Modernity as Idiom of power

-created a lot of violence, both structural and physical

-"we are modern and you are not"

Colonial violence

-extraction of human material resources

-transfer of labor technology and goods

-slavery

General contours of British Empire

-Asia didn't need to be colonized, but the British needed more resources

-Modernity of British depended on foreign labor and material

Darjeeling tea case study

-British demanded tea

-tea grew well in Darjeeling with cheap labor --> colonizing this area

-China did not have not have naything to buy from Britain, so they shipped opium to China to open up the market

East India Company

-world's original corporation

-made sure things moved in the "proper" way for their profit

Mechanisms of colonial Extraction

-extraction of land, politics and human life to satisfy the empire

-transatlantic slave trade

-transfer of plants helped the move into Africa

Nooliberalism

Theory of political economic practice with key tenets:

-liberating entrepreneurial action

-property rights

-free market

-free trade

Liberalism

European socio-political philosophy based upon core values of freedom, equality and individualism

Liberalization

generally refers to privatization -- related to neoliberalism

liberal

defined against conservative in context

Role of Neoliberal State

-guarantee money

-protect property rights and markets

-expand and create markets

-not involved in social welfare --> market took care of poor

Neoliberal Hegemony

-overrules the US market system

-does not allow for unions to form

How neoliberalism 'works'

-bring human activity into the market

-creative destruction

-time-space compression

-remove unionism, leveling the playing field

-free movement of capital

-allows individuals to be entrepreneurs

Rising Tide lifts all boats/ Trickle down

-absolute belief in market

-free markets and free trade can end poverty

-productivity will help everyone

-liverate corporations will benefit everyday people

Privatization and dergulation

allows the opening of markets

Global Free Market (WTO, IMF, world bank)

control the global markets

-giving loans

-impacts locals by putting them in debt

Neoliberal suspicions of democracy

is it a luxury people depend on

Problems of Neoliberalism in Practice

-class power over equality

-business climate over labor and environment

-financial system over population

-creative destruction

Banana Crisis

union says they dont want to work, armed forces make them work --> neoliberalism breaking down unions

-fungus is killing the bananas, but that is their biggest economy

-they are left in debt after colonization

History of Development

-post WWII

-from empires to nation-states

-controlling the 'development gap'

-actors; international, organizations, governments

Historical development trajectory

-colonialism started unequal development

-modernization is concept of one's own mind, might not think they are modern, but to themselves they are

neoliberalism: stop unions and organizations from working

Knowledge-power

concepts and practices shape reality

-ordering of culture, nature, race, gender, class

- ideas and discourses shape reality

Development in theory vs. practice

-translations from one to the other does not always work

-good intentions, but not everyone is the same

Hammer-Nail; One-size-fits-all

-making implementations in places that don't need it

-everyone is not the same

-cultures are different

-not everyone has the same resources, do not have everything to fix the way they need

Paradoxes of development

-terms of help is dictated, not self-determined

-when things travel, everything is repurposed and changed to its own culture

Ethnocentrism

looking, understanding a different culture based on your own ideals

cultural relativism

understanding cultures based on their own values

An Anti politics Machine

-resist political development, but push for those values

Inequality --> uneven devlopment

certain places get more developed than others, the developments impact places differently

Overlaps of development and neoliberlism

-"development" allowed, but not in the way that countries need

-state is giving people what they need to help themselves, but the state is very limited

-money actually coming from private companies

Development re-toooled: sustainability, fair trade, participatory development

Sustainability: create development with long term sustainability

Fair trade: stream line supply chain, get more value out of their hard work

Participatory development: talk to the people to figure out what they want in order to figure out the best way to help them

Micro-credit

-small grants to individuals or businesses to help with poverty

-people take loans from the bank, but taking more loans to repay leading to debt

-supposed to help the individual "pull themselves up by their own boot straps"

The Appalachian Report

development of low class in Appalachia, not actually helping

-unequal development

Contested Failure

coming to terms with the failures of development

recalibrating success

calculability

Big Development's turn to Little Devices (Jacqueline Best)

using little devices to create solutions to big problems, not actually helping

Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs)

CCT: gives money if kids go to school, get a checkup

-given money for certain conditions to become a data point

-focus on help from private companies, not the state (neoliberalism)

Kinds of Human Migration

-documented, undocumented

-internal, external

-season, temporary, permanent

-asylum seekers, refugees

Illegal vs. Undocumented

-illegal dehumanized people and criminalizes them

-undocumented ism ore analytically correct

Assumptions vs. Historical realities of Migration

-Migration from Mexico is new --> NO, it has had a long history

-Migration is an economic problem --> NO, it was and remains integral to the US economy

-Migration is due to lack of development --> NO, it is because of uneven development

Borders as Historically Constructed and fluid

-borders are not natural nor static

-they were created through power controlling what flows

-border MAKE difference and inequality

Push/Pull factor

-meet demand for cheap labor, provided unlimited visas to Mexian workers

-unequal wages, whites paid better

History 19th Century to Present

-Mexican-American war

-president embraces modernist economy and agriculture

-campensinos lose their jobs and looking for labor (in America)

Oscillating and interrelated Development in Mexico and US

-US in bad place, take Mexicans as workers

-Mexico in bad place, calls on IMF causing debt

The bracero Program

-mechanism for temporary work, answer's need for for labor and Mexico's desire for temporary wage labor

-informal recruitment

-Papa Juan came for this program but later sent back

Operation Wetback

-mass deportations, anti-Mexican sentiment

-attempt to curb migration into Bracero Program

"Los Jets" Documentary

-shows how macro impacts the micro

-boys on team grown up in the US don't have the same rights

-asking for documentation, earning station by studying and working, but still not considered legal citizen

The Nuevo New south Basic Demographics

major destination of undocumented migrants due to large flux of jobs (construction and agriculture)

Traditional Border control

-on the actual border

-ICE (US immigration and custom enforcement), homeland security, US border patrol

New Territories of Immigration control

-partnerships of federal, state and local law enforcement

-secure communities (S-COMM)

-287(G): deputized local enforcement to work for fed gov to implement immigration policies

-priority enforcement program (PEP)

Vertical/Interior borders

-now checking vertical borders

ex. check points in Durham checking IDs, no ID sent to homeland

Multiperspectival approach

-the state: migrants end up in jail with no driver's license

-community: does not agree bc hurting innocent people

Automobility

employment involves driving and movement, creates added risk

Immobility

check points on the way to work forces people not to work

-takes away from economy

Altermobility

how are people finding ways around the check points

-carpooling

-social media

-ride shares

287G, S-COMM and Immobility effects

criminalization of undocumented

Inhabited paradoxes

migrants make a large journey to make it to the US and make a life, but check points stop them from living

-economy depends on them working

#PaseLaVoz

check point text service

Refugees through Time at Global Level

Number of refugees has doubled in the last decase

Role of UNHCR, nation-states and NGOs

-working together to help handle the refugees

-government retreating and allowing private sectors to help (neoliberalism)

Asylum seeker

person who is a refugee, but whose claim has not been evaluated

Refugee

person going to another country for safety due to fear of persecution

asylum

form of legal protection granted to recognized refugees

Geneva Convention

More refugees accepted, but people not as willing now

Spatial liminality (Vogt)

in between two countries, the journey between

Temporal Liminality (Sharaawi)

stuck between the past and the present, leaving the past

-don't know what is going to happen in the future

Legal Liminality

documents submitted, but application is not processed or hasn't been accepted yet

Experience of Liminality

-living an uncertain future

-very dangerous for the person because they have no actual protection

Spacial uncertainty for Temporal Uncertainty

protracted uncertainty