COMM 111 Oregon State Midterm

Stage Fright (Speaking Apprehension)

Anxiety over the prospect of speaking in front of an audience

Three benefits of public speaking

Personal empowerment

Social empowerment

Professional empowerment

What three things make us nervous?

1. Fear of humiliation

2. Being unprepared

3. Pressure to perform

6 ways to reduce speech anxiety?

1. Acquire experience

2. Prepare

3. Think positively

4. Select appropriate topic

5. Focus on message

6. Channel nervous energy (Visual aids, Move around)

Positive nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize speaker for presentation

Where should you start organizing a speech?

The body (decide three main points and organize them first before developing them)

What are the three aspects of main points?

1. Logical divisions

2. Reasons

3. Specific steps

What are 5 speech organizational patterns, ways to arrange the main points in the body?

1. Chronological

2. Topically

3. Spatially (directionally; first you do x, then you do y)

4. Cause and effect (persuasive)

5. Problem/solution

Connectives

words or phrases linking ideas together in the speech

What are 4 types of connectives?

1. Transitions

2. Internal preview

3. Internal summary

4. Signpost

What is a transition?

Indicates speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

(E.g. "Now that we have" a clear understanding of x, "let me share" y)

What is an internal preview?

Statement in body of speech indicating what speaker will discuss next

(E.g. ...we'll look "first" at...)

What is an internal summary?

Statement in body of speech summarizing preceding points

(E.g. "The evidence I have presented clearly supports x")

What is a signpost?

Brief statement showing where speaker is or focusing attention on key ideas

(E.g. "The first reason... The second... The final...")

What are the 4 components/purposes for an introduction?

1. Attention getter

2. Establish credibility/goodwill

3. Relate to audience

4. Preview statement (central idea and main points)

What are 8 types of attention getters?

1. Anecdote (storytelling)

2. Startling fact/action

3. Quote

4. Humor

5. Question

6. Personal experience

7. Reference to recent event or occasion

8. Activity

What is establishing credit/goodwill?

Perception of whether speaker has best interests of audience in mind

(need audience to trust you)

How do you relate to the audience?

Connect to the audience by telling them why this topic is important to them

Preview statement

Maps out main points and what will be discussed

(Tell audience your main points; "I'm going to try and show you x")

What are the 4 purposes/components of a conclusion?

1. Signal end of speech (transitional signal)

2. Reinforce central idea and summarize

3. Motivate audience to respond (call to action)

4. Memorable ending

6 types of memorable endings

1. Quotes

2. Humor

3. Anecdotes

4. Questions

5. Reference introduction

6. Appeal to action

What are 4 types of supporting material?

1. Examples

2. Statistics

3. Testimony

4. Analogies

The more the better

Supporting materials

supporting main ideas in the body of the speech

What is the purpose of using examples?

1. Engage mind's eye

2. Interest

3. Connect to audience

Qualify ideas

What are 3 types of examples?

1. Brief

2. Extended (anecdote)

3. Hypothetical (Must be realistic & use stats)

What are the 4 tips for using statistics?

1. Reliable sources

2. Use to quantify ideas

3. Use sparingly

4. Identify sources

What is a testimony?

Quotation or paraphrase used to support main points

What are two types of testimony?

1. Expert testimony

2. Peer testimony (ordinary people with firsthand experience/insight on the topic; useful to show how it may relate to the audience)

What are 3 aspects of analogies?

1. Comparisons

2. Compare known to unknown

3. Helps listeners understand unfamiliar ideas

What are 5 advantages of using visual aids?

1. Clarity

2. Interest

3. Retention

4. Credibility

5. Persuasiveness

What are 10 types of visual aids?

1. Objects

2. Models

3. Another person

4. Drawings

5. Graphs

6. Charts

7. Videos

8. The speaker

9. Multimedia presentations

10. Photographs

What is the nonverbal expectancy theory?

Suggest that if listeners expectations about how communication should be expressed are violated, listeners will feel less favorable towards the communicator or message

What are 4 aspects that show the power of delivery?

1. Audience loses interest without good delivery

2. Speaker loses credibility w/o good delivery

3. Emotional connections (emotion contagion theory)

4. Audience believe what they see

Emotional Contagion Theory

a theory suggesting that people tend to "catch" the emotions of others

Emotional connections through delivery

What are 4 methods of delivery?

1. Manuscript

2. Memorized

3. Impromptu

4. Extemporaneous

What is a manuscript?

Reading off a script

What is a memorized speech?

Memorized and rehearsed speech

Impromptu

off the top of your head

Extemporaneous speech

outline, no note-cards, you practice what you say and you delivery it a certain way

What are 7 characteristics of effective delivery?

1. Eye contact

2. Gestures

3. Movement

4. Posture/stance

5. Facial expressions

6. Voice

7. Personal appearance

What are two good things about eye contact?

1. Credibility

2. Establish in introduction

What are the 6 types of gestures?

1. Repeating

2. Substituting

3. Complementing

4. Emphasizing

5. Regulating (nonverbal prompts response)

6. Contradicting (bad)

What are 3 things that movement adds to a speech?

1. Paragraphs message

2. Invites interest

3. Immediacy

What are two things that good posture provides?

1. Strength

2. Credibility

What are two things to know about facial expressions?

1. Expresses thoughts, emotions, attitudes

2. Should be consistent with message

What are 2 details about using your voice in a speech?

1. One of most important delivery tools

2. Extends meaning of words

What are 6 components of voice?

1. Pitch

2. Pauses

3. Volume

4. Articulation

5. Pronunciation

6. Rate

(***Affects learning, interest, memory)

What are two things to know about personal appearance?

1. Affects how audience responds to you and your message

2. Enhances credibility

What is Public Speaking?

The process or act of performing a presentation (a speech) focused around an individual direct speech to a live audience in a structured, deliberate manner in order to inform, influence, or entertain them.

7 Greatest Fears

1) Public speaking

2) Speaking up in a meeting or class;

3) Meeting new people;

4) Talking to people in authority;

5) Important examination or interviews;

6) Going to parties;

7) Talking with strangers

Topic

the subject of a speech; the first step of speech making is choosing a topic

3 Types of Topics

Topics you know about, Topics you want to learn more about, and brainstorming

2 Types of Brainstorming

Personal Inventory & Clustering

Clustering

4 columns (people, place, things, and events) and list a few thing that come to mine per column

General purpose

a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech

3 Types of General Purpose Statements

Informative, persuasive, commemorative

Specific Purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in their speech (identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from it)

Audience-Centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind during every step of the speech preparation and presentation process.

Identification

process by which the speaker seeks to create and emphasize common bonds with the audience (values, goals, and experiences).

Egocentrism

tendency of people to be concerned with their own beliefs, values, and well-being above all else

2 Steps of Demographic Audience Analysis

1) Identifying the general demographic features/categories of your audience

2) Gauging the importance of those feature to a particular speaking situation

6 Factors of Demographic Analysis

Age

Gender/sex

Religion

Sexual orientation

Group membership

Racial/ethnic/cultural background

Situational Audience Analysis

Audience's disposition (inclination) toward the topic

4 Factors for Situational Audience Analysis

Interest

Knowledge

Attitude

Physical Setting

Factor for Situational Audience Analysis - Interest

people do not expend the time and effort to attend a speech unless they are interested in the topic

Factor for Situational Audience Analysis - Knowledge

people may have little or more knowledge of your topic. If they know little, then talk at an elementary level. If they are well informed of your speech, you can take a more technical and detailed approach.

Factor for Situational Audience Analysis - Attitude

a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, or institution.

Factor for Situational Audience Analysis - Physical Setting

Time of Day, Temperature

Get information about the audience. Also when you are invited to speak, don't be shy to ask who gave you the speech.

Listening

paying attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

4 Types of Listening

1) Appreciative

2) Empathetic

3) Comprehensive

4) Critical

Appreciative Listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech

Empathetic Listening

listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient, or when you lend an ear to a friend in distress

Comprehensive listening

listening to understand a message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or to listen to directions for finding a friend house.

Critical listening

listening to evaluate the message of purpose to accept or reject it.

As if you listen to a salesperson, sales pitch, or a political debate.

4 Causes of Poor Listening

1) Not Concentrating

2) Listening too hard

3) Jumping to conclusions

4) Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

Informative speech

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

3 Criteria for Informative Speaking

1) Is the information communicated accurately?

2) Is the information communicated clearly?

3) Is the information made meaningful and interesting to the audience?

4 Types of Informative speeches

1) Speeches about objects

2) Speeches about Processes

3) Speeches about events

4) Speeches about concepts

Process

a systematic series of actions that lead to a specific result or product

Two kinds of speeches about processes

1) explains a process so the audience will better understand

2) explains a process so the audience can duplicate process themselves

Guidelines for informative speaking

1. Don't overestimate/underestimate what the audience knows

2. Relate the subject directly to the audience

3. Don't be too technical

4. Avoid abstractions

5. Personalize your ideas

6. Be creative

Impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Communication is a tool

1) exercise our influence on others

2) bring about change

3) motivate people

4) establish and maintain relationships