Infant & Child Review Quiz #1

Continuity Theory of Development

development happening due to gradual, continuous change

Discontinuity Theory of Development

development happen due to sudden, qualitative changes

Plasticity

the extent to which development can be modified by experience

Sensitive Period

a range of time where development is most sensitive to environmental stimulation

Developmental Cascades

a developmental pattern in which small environmental effects of child behaviors become magnified across time or age

Aggression example of developmental cascades

child experiences violence in the home → more aggressive behavior than other children at school → rejection by most peers → sense of frustration → higher levels of aggression

Adversive Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

childhood experience that might have a negative impact on health and development

Protective and Compensatory Experiences (PACEs)

childhood experiences that prevent, mitigate, or remediate negative health and behavioral outcomes

Resilience

minimal ACEs and substantial PACEs

Vulnerability

more ACEs than PACEs

Bowlby’s attachment theory

the biggest influence on development is the amount of attention and care children receive from their caregivers

Nativist theory

the belief that we are born with innate understanding of things, abilities, and capacities that we can strengthen over our lifespan

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

the traits one carries during adulthood is due to the unconscious internalization of adverse childhood experiences

Erikson’s psychosoacial theory

stages throughout development in which one either continues forward in development or gets stuck

Positive reinforcement

giving something positive to reinforce a behavior

Negative reinforcement

taking away something aversive to reinforce behavior

Positive punishment

giving something negative to punish behavior

Negative punishment

taking something positive away to punish behavior

Piaget’s learning theory

children construct their knowledge of the world by exploring and interacting with their environments, including physical objects and people

Vygotsky’s theory

sociocultural!

Information-processing theory

explanation of developmental processes by analogy to the hardware and software of computers

Developmental cognitive neuroscience

explanation of the relationship between changes in behavior or thinking with age, and changes in structures and functions of the brain

Microsystem

the child’s immediate physical and social environment (family, classroom, peers, neighborhood, religious setting)

Mesosystem

interactions between two microsystems that directly affects the child (ex home and classroom or parent and child care provider)

Exosystem

environments that don’t directly affect the child but influence them indirectly (ex school policies that affect the classroom microsystem)

Macrosystem

culture as a whole (SES, cultural attitudes, traditions)

Chronosystem

influences that occur at a specific time in the lifespan

Descriptive Study (e.g. case study)

examining naturally occurring variables and determining if there is a correlation

Quasi-Experiment VS Experiment

comparing intact groups VS random assignment

What 4 factors contribute to the replication crisis

small sample sizes, unrepresentative samples, changes to original study’s method, file drawer effect

Open Science

a set of practices designed to make scientific studies more transparent, replicable, and accessible

Meta-analysis

a statistical analysis that combines the results of many studies to determine effect size

Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Inheritance of either dominant (traits present when there are competing alleles) or recessive (traits expressed only when two copies of the same allele are present) alleles

X-Linked Inheritance

Males are typically XY on the 23rd chromosome and females are usually XX. Because the Y chromosome is smaller than the X chromosome, some traits will be inherited by males and not females, because there is usually no counter allele on the Y chromosome.

Polygenic Inheritence

traits influenced by the combined effects of more than one gene

Twin studies

study of a certain trait among identical versus fraternal twins

Adoption Studies

Study of a certain trait among children and their biological parents versus children and their adoptive parents

Genome-wide association study

studying the entire genome to find which SNPs are associated with a trait or disorder

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs)

the smallest unit of genomic variation between any two people

Homozygous

if alleles from each parent are alike

Heterozygous

if alleles from each parent are different 

Behavioral Geneticists

investigate the relative influence and interaction of genes and environment

Heretibility

a statistical estimate of how much of the variability in a trait among people in a particular population is due to genetic differences

Passive gene-environment correlations

parents provide both gene and environments to their children (no involvement from children)

Evocative gene-environment correlations

when a child evokes reactions from others based on the child’s genetic predisposition

Active gene-environment correlations

when an individual seeks out or creates environments based on genetic predispositions

Developmental systems model (Gottleib)

systems in the body that work together to influence development (genes, neural activity, behavior, environment)

Fetal Programming

changes to the physiology of the fetus from environmental stimuli during sensitive periods of prenatal development that result in long-tern changes in health

Integrated Screening Test

Using the ultrasound study in the first trimester to measure the thickness of a fluid-filled sack on the fetus’ neck called the nuchal translucency. Then, two blood tests are done in the first and second trimesters.

Triple Test

checks the mother’s blood for hormones and proteins that come from the fetus or placenta

What does Triple testing screen for

screens for chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects such as spina bifida or anencephaly

Amniocentesis

method of fetal DNA collection that involves inserting a thin needle into the abdomen and obtaining amniotic fluid, which contains skin cells from the fetus.

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

method of fetal DNA collection that involves obtaining fetal DNA from the villi (placenta) in the chorion, which can be carried out vaginally or through the abdomen.

Which method of diagnostic testing is more dangerous to the fetus and increases risk of miscarriage?

CVS

Genetic Counseling

creating a background on all diseases affecting blood relatives, and specific genetic testing may be recommended depending on this

How many months of unprotected sex with the same partner constitutes infertility

12 months

Assisted reproductive technology (ART)

fertility techniques in which eggs are surgically removed and combined with sperm

Types of ART

intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization

Intrauterine insemination

sperm is collected from the father and injected into the mother’s fallopian tubes

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

mother takes fertility drugs to stimulate the ovaries, eggs are removed from the ovaries, fertilized in a petri dish with the father’s or donor’s sperm and allowed to develop into embryos that are then transferred back into the mother’s uterus

Cons of IVF

expensive, timely, dangerous if multiple embryos

Ectoderm of the Embryo

outer layer, develops into the nervous system, outer layer of skin, and sensory organs

Mesoderm of the Embryo

middle layer, develops into muscles, bone, inner layer of skin, the circulatory system and other organs

Endoderm of the Embryo

inner layer, develops into respiratory and digestive systems

Germinal Period

first two weeks after fertilization

Embryonic Period

third through eighth weeks of prenatal development

Fetal period

development from the 9th week until birth

Major Development during the Germinal Period

implantation

Major Development During the Embryonic Period

development of major organs and body parts

Major Development During the Fetal Period

majority of physical, cognitive and behavioral growth

What is considered a low birth weight

5½ pounds

APGAR scale

a rating system of the physical condition of a newborn infant, assigns scores 0-2 for skin color, heart rate, responsiveness to stimuli, muscle tone, and respiration

Neurogenisis

the formation of new neurons within the brain

Neuronal migration

the migration of neurons from the place they are formed to their final locations in the brain

Neural differentiation

The transformation of neural stem cells into new types of neurons

Formation of neural connections

once neurons are at their final destination and in their final state, they form connections through synapses.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

the absence of a particular enzyme in the adrenal glands that causes genetic females to develop more masculine external genitalia.

Complete Androgen Sensitivity

insensitivity to testosterone in genetic males that causes them to develop female external genitalia

Stage 1 of labor

the uterus begins to contract and transition to complete readiness for birth by expanding the cervix

Stage 2 of labor

delivery, uterine contractions and effort allow the baby to be pushed through the birth canal

Stage 3 of labor

the placenta, other fetal membranes, and the remainder of the umbilical cord are pushed out by the contractions of the uterus.

Risk factors that contribute to early deliveries

substance use, poor nutrition, high stress levels, lack of prenatal care