BIOL 1062 - Test 1

A set of vocabulary flashcards based on the BIOL 1062 Test 1 outline, including test structure rules, human organization, and digestive system concepts.

List the Biological Organization of humans from least to most complex

atoms $\rightarrow$ molecules $\rightarrow$ cells $\rightarrow$ tissues $\rightarrow$ organs $\rightarrow$ organ systems $\rightarrow$ organism.

What is Homeostasis?

The state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

What does the Anterior/Ventral Cavity consist of?

1. Thoracic Cavity

   • divided by the diaphragm

2. Abdominal Cavity

3. Pelvic Cavity

What organs can be found in the Anterior/Ventral Cavity?

1. Thoracic Cavity:

   • Lungs

   • Heart

2. Abdominal Cavity:

   • Digestive Organs (stomach, intestines)

3. Pelvic Cavity:

   • Urinary Bladder

   • Reproductive Organs

What does the Dorsal/Posterior Cavity consist of? What organs are apart of it?

1. Cranial Cavity

   • Brain

2. Spinal Cavity

   • Spinal Cord

What are the 4 types of membranes in the body?

1. Mucous Membrane

2. Serous Membrane

3. Synovial Membrane

4. Meninges

Where can you find Mucous Membranes? What is their structure and function?

• Line the Digestive, Respiratory, and Urinary organs

• Made of an epithelium covering loose connective tissue

• Contain Goblet Cells that secrete Mucous

  • Protective function

  • Mucous moves due to Cilia

Where can you find Serous Membranes? What is their structure and function?

• Line the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities; covers the organs

• Made of epithelium and loose connective tissue

• Secretes Serous Fluid

  • Keeps membranes lubricated

  • Supports and compartmentalizes; prevents organs from dangling

What are the three types of Serous Membranes that are different based on their location?

1. Pleura: Lines the Thoracic Cavity and Lungs

   • Pleura (Plural) = lungs (plural)

2. Peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity

3. Pericardium: Lines the Cardiac Cavity

Where can you find Synovial Membranes? What is their structure and function?

• Lines: freely movable joints

  • Knee joints, elbow joints, etc.

• Secretes Synovial Fluid

  • Like WD-40 for joints

• Made of loose connective tissue

Where can you find the Meninges? What is their structure and function?

• Found in the Dorsal Cavity

• Protects the Brain and Spinal Cord

• Secretes Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Label the following diagram of Anatomical Directional Terms

Label the following diagram of Anatomical Directional Terms

Use the correct Anatomical Directional Term to answer the following:

• Chin is ___________ to the nose

• Ears are ___________ to the nose

• Nose is ____________ to the ears

• Knee Joint is __________ to the hip joint

• Shoulder is ___________ to the wrist

• Wrist is ____________ to the fingers

• Chin is inferior to the nose

• Ears are lateral to the nose

• Nose is medial to the ears

• Knee joint is distal to the hip joint

• Shoulder is proximal to the wrist

• Wrist is proximal to the fingers

What are the four types of tissues found within the human body?

CMEN

1. Connective

2. Muscle

3. Epithelial

4. Nervous

What is the function and structure of Epithelial Tissue?

• Function:

  • Protects underlying structures

  • Secretion, Absorption, Filtration, Excretion (SAFE)

• Structure:

  • Depends on (2):

    • Number of Cell Layers:

      • Simple: one layer

      • Stratified: multi-layered

      • Pseudostratified: appears multi-layered

    • Cell Shape:

      • Squamous (Squished): flat

      • Cuboidal: cube-like shape

      • Columnar: column-like shape

Describe Simple Squamous tissue

• structure

• function

• where is it found in the body

• One Layer (Simple) of Flat Cells (Squamous)

• Ideal for Diffusion

• Found in:

  • Alveoli of lungs

  • Blood vessels

Describe Simple Cuboidal Tissue

• structure

• function

• where is it found in the body

• One layer (Simple) of cube-like cells (Cuboidal)

• Ideal for Absorption and Secretion

• Found in:

  • Lining of Kidney Tubules

  • Urinary Organs

Describe Simple Columnar Tissue:

• structure

• function

• where is it found in the body

• One layer (Simple) of column/rectangular cells (Columnar)

• Ideal for Absorption and Secretion

• Found in:

  • Lining of Small Intestine

  • Uterine Tubes

Describe Pseudostratified/Ciliated Columnar tissue

• structure

• function

• where is it found in the body

• Appears multilayered but only single layered (pseudo=fake)

  • Each cell touches the basement membrane (bottom surface)

• Ideal for Sweeping Action due to Cilia

  • sweeps away unwanted material

• Found in:

  • Lining of Trachea

  • Small Intestine

Describe Stratified Squamous tissue

• structure

• function

• where is it found in the body

• Multi-layered (Stratified) flat cells (Squamous)

• Ideal for Protection (areas exposed to wear/tear, constant use)

• Found in:

  • Mouth

  • Esophagus

  • Lining of nose

  • Vagina

Describe Connective Tissue

• structure

• function

• where is it found in the body

• Located beneath Epithelial Cells

  • All Epithelial Cells rest on Connective Tissue

• Binds organs together and fills space

• Found everywhere in the body

Describe Muscular Tissue

• structure

• function

• where is it found in the body

• Composed of cells called Muscle Fibers

• Used for movement (within/of the body)

• Found within the body (3)

  • Named on:

    • Appearance

    • How many nuclei

    • How they are controlled

Describe Smooth Muscle

• Appearance

• How many nuclei

• How they are controlled

• Where might they be found in the body?

• Smooth appearance

  • Lacks Striations (Stripes)

    • ex: zebra has lots of striations

• Cells are spindle-shaped with one nucleus

• Involuntary Control

  • ex: bolus moving down esophagus

• Found in:

  • Walls of hollow internal organs

  • Passageways throughout the body

Describe Cardiac Muscle

• Appearance

• How many nuclei

• How they are controlled

• Where might they be found in the body?

• Cells are separate/individual but are bound at each end at intercalated disks (branched part)

• Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus

• Involuntary Control

  • Electrical Impulses flow when the heart muscle contracts

• Found only in the wall of the heart

Describe Skeletal Muscle

• Appearance

• How many nuclei

• How they are controlled

• Where might they be found in the body?

• Striated due to alternating light and dark bands

• Cylindrical, long and multi-nucleated due to fusion of several cells into a fiber

• Voluntary Control

• Usually attached by tendons to bones of skeleton

Describe Nervous Tissue

• structure

• function

• where might it be found in the body?

• Composed of two types of cells:

  • Neurons:

    • Conduct electric nerve signals/impulses

  • Neuroglia

    • Support and nourish neurons

• Found in:

  • Brain

  • Spinal Cord

  • Nerves

What is the arrangement of layers in the gastrointestinal organs? (Innermost to outermost)

1. Mucousa (innermost facing the lumen: hollow cavity)

2. Submucousa

3. Muscularis

4. Serosa (outermost)

Label the following Digestive System Diagram

What are the functions of the Digestive System

• Ingestion: taking in food (eating)

• Digestion: breaking down food (to smaller molecules)

  • Mechanical Digestion (physical breakdown)

  • Chemical Digestion (chemical breakdown; enzymes)

• Absorption: absorb nutrients from digestive organs into bloodstream

• Defecation: remove waste products

What are the names of the food as it travels through the digestive system (tract)?

1. Food

   • Into the mouth

2. Bolus

   • after being chewed and “condensed into a blob"

3. Chyme

   • Bolus + Gastric Juice in the stomach

4. Feces

   • After passing through intestines

Where are the macromolecules digested throughout the digestive system? What enzymes are involved?

• Protein:

  • Stomach: Gastric Juice

    • Cleaving of HCl activates Pepsinogen to Pepsin

      • Breaks polypeptides into smaller peptides

  • Small Intestine: Trypsin

• Carbohydrate:

  • Mouth/Salivary /Tongue: Salivary Amylase

  • Pancreas: Pancreatic Amylase

• Lipids:

  • Mouth: Lingual Lipase

  • Stomach: Gastic Lipase

    • Breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and fatty acids

  • Liver + Gallbladder: produces Bile

    • Bile Salt is an emulsifier: breaks down lipids

      • Pancreatic Lipase

• Nucleic Acids:

  • Small Intestine: Nucleases

What is the difference between primary and accessory digestive organs?

• Primary Digestive Organ:

  • organs which food passes through

• Accessory Digestive Organ:

  • Organs that food does not pass through

What are the six Primary Digestive Organs?

1. Mouth

2. Pharynx

3. Esophagus

4. Stomach

5. Small Intestine

6. Large Intestine

What are the five Accessory Digestive Organs?

1. Tongue

2. Salivary Glands

3. Liver

4. Gallbladder

5. Pancreas

What digestion/enzymatic functions occur at the mouth?

• Three functions:

  • Ingestion:

    • Receives food

  • Digestion: Two types of digestion:

    • 1. Mechanical Digestion:

      • Breaking down to smaller pieces

    • 2. Chemical Digestion:

      • Salivary Amylase: digests carbohydrates

      • Lingual Lipase: digests lipids

    • Absorption:

      • Oral Mucosa absorbs simple and small molecules (glucose, alcohol) into blood stream

What digestion/enzymatic functions occur at the pharynx?

• Passage carrying food between mouth and esophagus

  • Shared passage for food and air

    • “crossroad between digestive and respiratory system”

  • Epiglottis covers the glottis, preventing the bolus from entering the trachea/lungs

• No digestion or absorption occurs

What digestion/enzymatic functions occur at the esophagus?

• Passageway of smooth muscle carrying bolus between pharynx and stomach

  • Peristalsis (rhythmic contractions): moving the bolus down the esophagus with periodic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

• No digestion or absorption occurs

What digestion/enzymatic functions occur at the stomach?

• Mechanical Digestion:

  • churning of food:

    • contractions: uneven surface (Rugae) + movement

• Chemical Digestion:

  • Proteins:

    • Gastric juice:

      • Cleaving of HCl activates Pepsinogen into Pepsin

      • Polypeptide + Pepsin → Smaller (Oligo) peptide

  • Lipids:

    • Gastric Lipase

      • Breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and fatty acids

What digestion/enzymatic functions occur at the Small Intestine?

• Primary site of absorption of water and nutrients

  • Villi and microvilli increase surface area of small intestine for nutrient absorption

  • Blood capillaries absorb:

    • Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid

  • Small Lymphatic Capillary:

    • Fatty acids: too big and hydrophobic to absorb on their own

      • packaged with proteins and absorbed via lacteals

• Most Chemical Digestion takes place in the Duodenum

  • Nucleic acid digestion

• Main absorption happens in the Jejunum and Ileum

What digestion/enzymatic functions occur at the Large Intestine?

• Defecation takes place in the Large Intestine

• No Digestion occurs in the Large Intestine

Describe the structures and mechanism involved in swallowing

• When food is swallowed:

  • Uvula closes off the nasopharynx

    • Prevents Bolus from entering nasal cavity

  • Epiglottis covers the glottis

    • Forces the Bolus to pass down the esophagus

      • Person does not breathe when swallowing

What is the role of Villi and Microvilli in the Small Intestine?

• They increase the surface area of the small intestine for nutrient absorption

What is the function and chemical contributions of the Salivary Glands?

• Secretes Saliva

  • H2O + Proteins → Salivary Amylase + IGA

• Primary Digestion of Carbohydrates:

  • Salivary Amylase + Polysaccharide →Oligosaccharide → Disaccharide

What is the function and chemical contributions of the Liver?

• Two Functions:

  • Detoxification

    • Hepatic Portal Circulation

  • Producing Bile:

    • Contains Two Parts:

      • Bilirubin:

        • Byproduct of destroying + recycling RBC

      • Bile Salts

        • Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Side

What is the function and chemical contributions of the Gallbladder?

• Stores Bile

  • Release Bile to Duodenum

• Reabsorbs excess water

What is the function and chemical contributions of the Pancreas?

• Endocrine Function:

  • Produce and release hormones directly into the bloodstream to control blood sugar

• Exocrine Function:

  • Produce and secrete digestive enzymes and Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

    • NaHCO3 neutralizes stomach acid entering the Duodenum

    • Creates Pancreatic Juice

What enzymes (4) can be found in Pancreatic Juice? What macromolecule do they work on?

1. Pancreatic Lipase (Lipids)

   • Triglycerides → glycerol + 3 fatty acids

     • Final step of Lipid Digestion

2. Pancreatic Amylase (Carbohydrates)

   • Polysaccharide, Oligosaccharide → Disaccharide

3. Trypsin (Proteins)

   • Cleaving Trypsinogen → Trypsin

   • Small Polypeptides → Smaller Peptides

4. Nuclease (Nucleic Acid)

   • RNA/DNA → Nucleotides

Describe the Hepatic Portal Circulation

• Blood from the digestive organs passes into the liver via the hepatic portal vein

  • Liver detoxifies blood before it is circulated via the hepatic vein into the inferior vena cava (heart)

Describe the nervous input of Defecation

• Accumulation of feces in the rectum causes it to stretch

  • Stretching initiates nerve signals for rectal muscle to contract and anal sphincter to relax

    • In order to defecate, both must be relaxed

      • If not a good time to defecate, brain sends signals to stop relaxing and keeps contracting

What is the role of the Enteric Nervous System?

• Regulates gut function

How does the mucus layer differ in the small intestine and the large intestine?

• Small Intestine (A):

  • One layer

    • No bacteria

• Large Intestine (B):

  • Two layers

    • Outer mucus layer:

      • Contains good bacteria

    • Inner mucus later:

      • No bacteria

What is the role of Enteroendocrine Cells?

• Regulates digestion and hormones (metabolism)

What is the role of Stem Cells?

• Used for cell renewal

  • Unspecialized cells that can change into many different specialized cells

What is the role of Goblet Cells?

• Releases a slippery fluid called Mucin

  • Mainly consists of a carbohydrate chain

    • Creates Mucus when mixed with water and glycoproteins