Endocrine System

Chapter 13

hypothalamus

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

GnRH

hypothalamus

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

TRH

hypothalamus

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

CRH

anterior pituitary

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

FSH

anterior pituitary

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

TSH

anterior pituitary

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

PRL

anterior pituitary

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

ACTH

anterior pituitary

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

GH

anterior pituitary

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

LH

posterior pituitary

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

ADH

posterior pituitary

released from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or posterior pituitary:

OT

pineal gland

sits within diencephalon

function to release a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms

CRH

ACTH

cortisol

What is the correct order of hormones released during a stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?

• CRH → epinephrine

• CRH → ACTH → insulin

• CRH → ACTH → cortisol

• Epinephrine → cortisol

• ACTH → CRH → cortisol

ADH

which pituitary hormone (abbr):

Causes kidneys to retain water; raises blood pressure

LH

which pituitary hormone (abbr):

Promotes the secretion of sex hormones from the gonads

FSH

which pituitary hormone:

Stimulates egg or sperm production

ACTH

which pituitary hormone (abbr):

Stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex

TSH

which pituitary hormone (abbr):

Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones

PRL

which pituitary hormone (abbr):

Stimulates the production of milk

GH

which pituitary hormone (abbr):

Stimulates the rate of mitosis; promotes bone growth

OT

which pituitary hormone (abbr):

Stimulates contraction of uterine wall muscles; stimulates smooth muscle in milk-secreting glands

thyroxine

which hormone acts to:

Affects metabolic processes to increase energy & growth

calcitonin

which hormone acts to:

Decreases calcium & phosphate levels in blood

parathyroid hormone

which hormone acts to:

Increases calcium & decreases phosphate levels in blood

epinephrine

norepinephrine

which hormone acts to:

Actions are similar to the sympathetic response

aldosterone

which hormone acts to:

Regulates electrolytes in the blood

cortisol

which hormone acts to:

Affects glucose metabolism

adrenal androgens

which hormone acts to:

Supplements the major sex hormones

insulin

which hormone acts to:

Decrease blood glucose levels, increases anabolic processes

glucagon

which hormone acts to:

Increases blood glucose levels, increases catabolic processes

parathyroid hormone

A female with a recent history of broken bones, ulcers, and kidney stones. The physician finds that they have unusually high blood levels of calcium and immediately suspects that they are suffering from an excess of _________.

• calcitonin

• parathyroid hormone

• aldosterone

• thyroid hormone

• thyroid stimulating hormone

cortisol

cortisol, norepinephrine, PTH, oxytocin, or prostaglandin

norepinephrine

cortisol, norepinephrine, PTH, oxytocin, or prostaglandin

PTH

cortisol, norepinephrine, PTH, oxytocin, or prostaglandin

oxytocin

cortisol, norepinephrine, PTH, oxytocin, or prostaglandin

prostaglandin

cortisol, norepinephrine, PTH, oxytocin, or prostaglandin

anterior

secreting hormones that inhibit or stimulate production of hormones

The hypothalamus regulates the activities of the __________ pituitary gland by __________.

• posterior; secreting hormones that always inhibit secretion

• anterior; secreting hormones that inhibit or stimulate production of hormones

• posterior; secreting hormones the stimulate secretion

• anterior; secreting hormones through a modified positive feedback mechanism

protein receptors

What must be present for any type of hormone to be able to act on a target cell?

hypothalamus

What organ controls the response to stress, called the general adaptation syndrome?

renin

Specific cells in the kidney are able to respond to changes in blood pressure. If the blood pressure drops, these cells release the enzyme ______

angiotensinogen

angiotensin I

The enzyme converts a blood protein called __________ to the peptide ________.

angiotensin II

adrenal cortex

aldosterone

An enzyme in the lungs then converts the peptide to __________ whose function is to stimulate the __________ to release the hormone ________.

conserve

This hormone (aldosterone) acts to ______ sodium ions and, indirectly, water. This process will increase blood volume and blood pressure.

immediate stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

increased breathing

immediate stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

increased heart rate

immediate stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

increased epinephrine secretion

immediate stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

flight or fight response

immediate stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

water retention

immediate stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

redistribution of blood to working muscles

immediate stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

ADH effects

long term stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

immune system suppression

long term stage

immediate stage or long term stage:

increased cortisol secretion

target cells have specific receptors for the hormone

What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone?

• Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone.

• Target cells have specific membrane channels for the hormone.

• Target cells are located adjacent to the hormone-secreting cells.

• Target cells secrete the hormone that alters their function.

pineal gland

what gland produces melatonin

FSH

which hormone (abbr) is Named for its effect on gamete production

PTH

which hormone’s Name (abbr) means "near the thyroid"

ADH

which hormone’s Name (abbr) means "against urine"

TSH

which hormone (abbr) is named for directly affecting the thyroid

T3

which hormone is Named for the number of iodine molecules in the hormone

PRL

which hormone’s name (abbr) means “promoting milk production”

ACTH

which hormone (abbr) is Named for stimulating the cortex of the adrenal gland

LH

which hormone is Named for stimulating the conversion of follicle into corpus luteum

GH

which hormone (abbr) is Named for its effect on many cells of the body

posterior pituitary

The hypothalamus uses nervous stimulation to control the secretion of hormones from which gland

slowly

long lasting

In comparison to the nervous system, the endocrine system responds __________ and its actions are __________ .

• quickly; short lived

• slowly; short lived

• slowly; long lasting

• quickly; long lasting

mediastinum

Where is the thymus gland located

paracrine

_______ secretions are released from one cell and alter the functioning of neighboring cells.

autocrine

_______ secretions have their effect on the same cell that released them.

steroids

Which of the following chemical classification of hormones is derived from cholesterol?

• Amines

• Steroids

• Peptides

• Glycoproteins

regulates water and electrolyte balance

regulates metabolism

controls reproduction and development

regulates growth

Which of the following are functions of the endocrine system?

Check All That Apply

• Regulates water and electrolyte balance

• Breaks down nutrients

• Causes movement of muscles

• Delivers oxygen

• Regulates metabolism

• Controls reproduction and development

• Provides structure

• Removes waste

• Regulates growth

the anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis

the anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system

cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down axons and are stored in the posterior pituitary

identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary.

Check All That Apply

• The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis

• The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins

• The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system

• Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary

• Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down axons and are stored in the posterior pituitary.

uterus

The ______ is stretched during childbirth.

sensory

_______ neurons carry impulses indicating the degree of stretch to the hypothalamus.

pituitary stalk

In response to the signals indicating stretch, the hypothalamus sends impulses via the ________ .

posterior

The axons from the hypothalamus end in the ________ pituitary.

oxytocin

As a result of the impulse, _______ is released into the blood from synaptic endings.

cholesterol

amino acids

Chemically, hormones synthesized from __________ are classified as steroid hormones and hormones synthesized from __________ are classified as amines, peptides, or proteins.

• amino acids; glucose

• cholesterol; amino acids

• cholesterol; glucose

• glucose; cholesterol

one hormone stimulates the release of another hormone

Which of the following describes an example of how hormones are regulated?

• One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.

• Glands secrete hormones only when the body is sleeping.

• A gland secretes a certain amount of hormone every hour.

• Contraction of smooth muscle results in the release of hormones.

down regulation

down regulation or up regulation:

this results in decreased sensitivity

down regulation

down regulation or up regulation:

Example: A decreased number of hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels

down regulation

down regulation or up regulation:

in response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors

down regulation

down regulation or up regulation:

this is the receptor response to increase in circulating hormone

up regulation

down regulation or up regulation:

in response to a chronic lack of a hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors

up regulation

down regulation or up regulation:

Example: An increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training

up regulation

down regulation or up regulation:

this results in a greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release

steroid hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer

Which of the following is true about steroid hormones?

• Steroid hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer.

• Receptors for steroid hormones are found on the cell membrane.

• Steroid hormones use a second messenger mechanism to cause an effect in the cell.

• Steroid hormones can travel freely in the blood.

hyposecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

antidiuretic hormone: diabetes insipidus

hyposecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

growth hormone during adolescence: dwarfism

hyposecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

aldosterone: addison’s disease

hyposecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

insulin: persistently elevated blood glucose

hyposecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

thyroid hormones: cretinism

hyposecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

glucagon: persistently low blood glucose

hypersecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

cortisol: persistently elevated blood glucose

hypersecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

epinephrine: persistently high blood pressure

hypersecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

growth hormone during adulthood: acromegaly

hypersecretion

hyposecretion or hypersecretion:

parathyroid hormone: persistently elevated blood calcium

increase

The osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a(n) _______ in solute concentration in the blood.

hypothalamus

The neurosecretory cells of the __________ initiate impulses in response to the change in osmotic pressure.

pituitary stalk

The impulses from the hypothalamus travel along the axons in the ___________

posterior

ADH is released from synaptic endings in the ________ pituitary.