Unit 2 Ch.2: Mitosis and Meiosis

Plasma Membrane

boundary of the cell, semi-permeable

Nucleus

membrane bound

found in eukaryotes

holds linear gDNA

nucleolus

in nucleus

synthesizes rRNA, start of ribosomal assembly

organelles

structures in cell absent in prokaryotes

cytosol vs cytoplasm

gel like substance vs the space that includes organelles and other substructures

endoplasmic reticulum- SER

no ribosomes, produces fatty acids and phospholipids

endoplasmic reticulum- RER

has ribosomes, produces proteins

ribosomes

where mRNA is translated into proteins

mitochondria

oxidative phases of respiration- produces ATP in eukaryotes

chloroplasts

produce energy through photosynthesis in plants

cell cycle

stages of cell life and cell division

interphase

initial stages of cell cycle- time between divisions

stages of interphase: G1 and G2

metabolic activity and growth, prepare for division

stages of interphase: S

synthesis of new chromosomes to generate sister chromatids

centrioles

in pairs, found in the centrosome

organize spindle fibers in meiosis and mitosis

diploid number of chromosomes in humans (2n). each of of the “_” is a complete copy of a chromosome

46, X

homologous chromosomes (autosomes). ______ chromosomes are not homologous in __ individuals

one from paternal side and one from maternal

sex

XY

haploid (n) set of chromosomes collectively contains the genetic information of a ________

genome

2n genomes are a result of _________, resulting in _____

biparental inheritance

alleles

critical functions of mitosis

asexual reproduction

wound healing

replacement of tissue

M-phase: karyokinesis

separation of DNA and nucleus

M-phase: cytokinesis

not an actual part of mitosis or meiosis

splits cell volume into 2, encloses new cell in plasma membrane, organelle replication

½ size parent cell, nucleus full size

Interphase and prophase

centrioles establish poles

centrosomes organize spindle fibers running between poles

nuclear envelope and nucleolus break down

chromatin condense

sister chromatids held together by cohesin

sister chromatids held together by cohesin throgh _____

s phase→ G2, and cleaved in metaphase just before anaphase

prometaphase

chromosomes movement to equatorial plane

metaphase

chromosomes to metaphase plate by kinetochore and microtubules

microtubules attach to proteins on centromere on each paired centromere

cohesin degraded by separase, chromosomes held together at centromere region

anaphase

disjunction

cohesin at centromere region cleaved by separase

sister chromatid halves separate to opposite ends by kinetochore and spindle fibers w/ motor proteins

motor proteins

migrate sister chromatid halves in mitosis anaphase, uses ATP

disjunction

sister chromatids of each chromosome separate

telophase and cytokinesis

2 complete chromosome sets

divide cytoplasm- cleavage furrow

chromosomes uncoil

nuclear envelope reforms

spindle fibers disappear