Modern Greek Language, Composition, and Narratology Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Greek language and writing conventions: discourse markers, cohesion and coherence, summary structures, narratological perspectives, article writing, and speech/letter opening formulas.

Connective Words of Addition (Προσθήκη)

Discourse markers used to introduce supplementary information or points, including "επίσης" (also), "επιπλέον" (furthermore), "ακόμη" (moreover), and "επιπροσθέτως" (additionally).

Connective Words of Contrast (Αντίθεση)

Discourse markers used to indicate antithesis or opposing arguments, such as "αλλά" (but), "όμως" (however), "αντιθέτως" (on the contrary), "ωστόσο" (nevertheless), and "ενώ" (while).

Connective Words of Result (Αποτέλεσμα)

Discourse markers used to convey consequence or outcome, such as "έτσι" (so/thus), "με αποτέλεσμα" (with the result that), "ως απότοκο" (as an outgrowth/outcome), and "με απόρροια" (resulting in).

Connective Words of Justification (Αιτιολόγηση)

Discourse markers that supply reasons or cause, including "γιατί" (because), "επειδή" (because), "διότι" (since/because), "αφού" (since), and "καθώς" (as).

Connective Words of Conclusion (Συμπέρασμα)

Discourse markers that signal a deduction or final closure, such as "επομένως" (therefore), "άρα" (thus), "λοιπόν" (so), and "ως συμπέρασμα" (in conclusion).

Connective Words of Explanation (Επεξήγηση)

Discourse markers used to clarify or rephrase an idea, specifically "δηλαδή" (that is/namely) and "με άλλα λόγια" (in other words).

Connective Words of Generalization (Γενίκευση)

A category of discourse markers used to extend an observation to a broader context, represented by "γενικότερα" (more generally).

Connective Words of Chronological Sequence (Χρονική ακολουθία)

Discourse markers indicating temporal progression across ideas or paragraphs, such as "Αρχικά" (initially), "στη συνέχεια" (subsequently/next), and "τέλος" (finally).

Connective Words of Argument Enumeration (Απαρίθμηση επιχειρημάτων)

Structural markers employed to list points or arguments sequentially, such as "Πρώτον" (firstly) and "δεύτερον" (secondly).

Connective Words of Exemplification (Παράδειγμα)

Discourse markers used to introduce examples or illustrative cases, such as "π.χ." (for example), "λ.χ." (for instance), and "όπως" (such as).

Cohesion (Συνοχή)

The grammatical and structural method by which sentences and clauses of discourse are linked together.

Repetition in Cohesion (Η επανάληψη)

A cohesive device wherein key terms are reiterated across sentences (e.g., mentioning "Η εκπαίδευση…" and beginning the next sentence with "Η εκπαίδευση όμως…") to maintain continuity.

Reference in Cohesion (Η αναφορά)

A cohesive device that uses pronouns or relative clauses to link back to previously introduced nouns (e.g., using "του" to refer back to "έναν καινούργιο Η/Υ").

Periphrasis in Cohesion (Περίφραση)

A cohesive mechanism where a concept is conveyed using alternative descriptive phrasing instead of exact words (e.g., renaming "Η διάσωση των προσφύγων" as "Μια τόσο γενναία πράξη").

Focused Summary (Εστιασμένη περίληψη)

A summary format task requiring the student to condense only a designated section or specific paragraphs of a text (e.g., paragraphs 3 and 4) rather than the whole passage.

Pre-writing Stage of a Summary (Προσυγγραφικό στάδιο)

The preparatory stage of summary writing consisting of reading the text, underlining the essential elements, and keeping notes.

Summary Topic Sentence (Θεματική Περίοδος περίληψης)

The opening sentence of a summary that introduces the author and the central theme using formulas like «Κατά τον συγγραφέα…», «Ο συντάκτης παρουσιάζει…», or «Ο αρθρογράφος προβληματίζεται για…».

Single Author Reference Rule in Summaries

The structural writing rule dictating that after the initial topic sentence, no further reference to the author may appear anywhere in the summary.

Heterodiegetic Narrator (Ετεροδιηγητικός αφηγητής)

A narrator who does not participate in the story, narrates using $3^{\text{rd}}$ person verbs, operates with zero focalization, and functions as an omniscient narrator who knows the thoughts and emotions of the characters.

Homodiegetic Narrator (Ομοδιηγητικός αφηγητής)

A narrator who participates in the story as a protagonist, witness, or observer, narrates using $1^{\text{st}}$ person verbs, and operates with internal focalization.

Autodiegetic Narrator (Αυτοδιηγητικός αφηγητής)

A narrator who narrates events from their own life (autobiography) using $1^{\text{st}}$ person verbs and internal focalization.

Zero Focalization (Μηδενική εστίαση)

A narrative perspective linked to an omniscient, heterodiegetic narrator who possesses unrestricted knowledge about events and characters' inner feelings.

Article Introduction / Timeliness (Πρόλογος - Επικαιρότητα)

The introductory part of an article, which must be grounded in current affairs through a specific starting occasion (αφόρμηση).

Article Clichés to Avoid

Overused introductory phrases that should be crossed out and avoided in modern essay articles, specifically «Στις μέρες μας» (In our days) and «Στη σύγχρονη εποχή» (In modern times).

Timely Article Openers (Επίκαιρο)

Acceptable temporal expressions for opening an article, including "Το πρόσφατο διάστημα", "Το τελευταίο διάστημα", "Τους τελευταίους μήνες", and "Το τελευταίο 15θήμερο".

Three Forms of Article Occasion (Αφόρμηση)

The three valid sources for an article's starting point: 1) A current event (Επίκαιρο γεγονός), 2) A survey or study provided by the text (Έρευνα), or 3) Widespread discussion in the mass media (Συζήτηση στα ΜΜΕ).

Opening Elements of a Speech (Ομιλία)

The two required opening components of a formal speech: addressing the audience (αναφορά στο ακροατήριο, e.g., «Αγαπητοί συμμαθητές») and declaring the speaker's role or capacity (ιδιότητα του εκφωνητή).

Speaker Capacity (Ιδιότητα του εκφωνητή)

The persona or formal role assumed by the speaker in an address, such as «Ως εκπρόσωπος του 15μελούς», «Ως εκπρόσωπος της Βουλής των εφήβων», or «Ως πολίτης».

Opening Elements of a Letter (Επιστολή)

The two primary introductory components of a formal letter: stating the purpose and subject (Σκοπός - Θέμα) and declaring the sender's identity or capacity (Ιδιότητα).