Pre-Apush Final Exam Study Guide

units 7-12

What was Manifest Destiny?

the belief that it was the people of America's destiny/mission to expand her borders

What were reasons for westward expansion in the US?

-Experiencing high birth rate & an increase in population due to immigration-US suffered 2 economic depressions-Frontier land was inexpensive (sometimes free)-Frontier land opened opportunities for individual self advancement-land ownership was associated with wealth-Maritime merchants saw opportunities to built ports out west and increase trading with Pacific countries

Why did Mexico want Americans to settle in Texas?

too much land

not enough people to populate and utilize/protect

Why did Americans want to settle in Texas?

More land, and Mexico was offering land grants (+Manifest Destiny/nationalism)

What brought American settlers into conflict with the Mexican government?

Americans brought slaves into Mexico when it was illegal

What happened at the Alamo?

Americans were slaughtered - became a rallying cry for nationalism, expansion and revenge

Timeline fore Independence of Texas

-Mexico offers land grants to anyone bringing settlers to Texas -the Texas revolution is led by Texans eager to gain independence from Mexico -the Republic of Texas is founded -Sam Houstin invites the US to annex the republic -Texas becomes the 18th state

What were the origins of the Mexican American War?

-President Polk tried to negotiate purchasing Texas (and more land) from Mexico in 1844 for up to $30 million, but Mexico refused -Armies were sent to the borders of the country and fighting broke out. War was declared by congress on May 13th, 1846

Details of the Mexican American war?

-Mexicans did not have as many weapons as Americans and were easily defeated. Mexicans used guerilla warfare.-There were about 13,000 American casualties, Mexico lost 25,000.

Impact of the Mexican American war?

-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the war -The US received Texas, New Mexico, and upper California (55% of property). Mexico was given millions of dollars to settle the war issues -Mexico would recognize the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas -the new treaty caused arguments in the US: North did not want any more slave states, South wanted new land to allow slavery

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

ended the Mexican American war

What was the Fugitive Slave Act? (1850)

A law to return runaway slaves to their masters (Millard Fillmore)

Compromise of 1850:

-established popular sovereignty-DC would allow slavery, but the slave trade was over-California would become a free state, but the fugitive slave act was passed

Underground railroad:

-effect of the fugitive slave act-system to help slave escape the south to the north

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

-When Nebraska applied for statehood, the Missouri Compromise indicated it would be admitted as a free state. -Southerners were outraged and the Kansas-Nebraska Act nullified the Missouri Compromise, opening both territories to popular sovereignty. -Kansas became the focus and both slave supporters and abolitionists rushed into the territory for the vote

a pro slavery government was elected and violence broke out.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

-supreme court ruling in support of slavery -congress does not have the right to deny people property (meaning slavery is legal under the current constitution) -opened up all western territories to slavery (infuriating the North)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

-senate position opened up for Illinois -debates held on the issue of slavery in new territories -Douglass supported sovereignty while Lincoln called for congress to abolish slavery entirely ("a house divided could not stand") -Lincoln rose to fame

Presidential election of 1860

-Lincoln won the Republican party's nomination in 1860 -The Democratic Party was split by the presidential election in November and Lincoln won the election. -The South was threatened by this anti-slavery, Northern candidate and formed the Confederacy.

What are the 5 border states during the civil war?

1) Delaware 2) Maryland 3) Kentucky 4) Missouri 5) West Virginia

Who was Jefferson Davis?

President of the Confederate States

Who was Robert E Lee?

-General of the Confederate Army -Top of class at west point -Strong military leader and intelligent

What was Lincoln's military plan called?

Anaconda plan-strangle the confederacy by blocking ports, controlling the Mississippi River, presenting expansion

Who was Ulysses S. Grant?

-General of the Union (northern) army during the Civil War -not as strong as Lee -was Lincoln's right hand man and the union successes are attributed to him

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

an order that ended slavery in all areas in rebellion against the US (made the war now about slavery)

What was the Battle of Gettysburg?

-turning point in the war -Lee never comes north again

• 1/3 of Confederate army is gone

What was the Battle of Vicksburg?

-Mississippi River in union hands -Anaconda lan in place -Confederacy is divided

What was the Gettysburg address?

-a speech from Lincoln that reaffirms this war is a war to uphold democracy (and a struggle for human equality)

What was Sherman's march?

-Sherman's troops set fire to Atlanta and took Savannah (Union victory) -time to end "total warfare" (so much destruction to villages) -Sherman pushing north, Grant pushing down

What was the Appomattox Court House?

-Confederate surrenders (war is over) -Grant is humble towards Lee

Who is John Wilkes Booth?

-the assassin who killed Lincoln

What was significant about Johnson's impeachment?

-reversing Lincoln's plan (letting Freedman's Bureau expire) -first president to be impeached

Johnson's reconstruction plan

1) forgiving, gave oath of allegiance for a pardon 2) Confederate states could write new state constitutions and hold elections immediately 3) no rights for African Americans

13th amendment:

abolished slavery

14th amendment:

granted citizenship to those born in America (gave it to blacks)

15th amendment:

gave all men the right to vote (regardless of color)

Radical Republican's reconstruction plan

1) South divided into 5 military districts 2) New state constitutions must be written 3) Blacks must be given the right to vote 4) States must ratify the 14th amendment 5) Former southern Confederate leaders were barred from office and voting FOR THE EMANCIPATION OF SLAVES

What was the Freedmen's Bureau?

organization established to help newly freed slaves integrate into society (food, clothing, medical care, legal assistance)

What were black codes?

laws passed by Southern states to restrict the freedom of blacks (ex. can't own property in town, has to work for someone white)

What was the KKK?

-An organization formed in response to African-American freedom and liberties in the South -Founded by former confederate soldiers -Used terror and intimidation to prevent African -Americans from improving their lives through education, employment or voting

What was sharecropping?

a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.-created poverty

What was the reconstruction act? (1867)

divided the south into 5 military districts (military was placed in the South)

What was the Compromise of 1877?

Because the republicans were going to lose, the South would recognize Rutherford B. Hayes as president if the troops stationed in the South would be removed -end of the reconstruction era

What were Jim Crow laws?

laws that enforced segregation

What was the importance of Plessy v. Ferguson?

-Supreme court cases which ruled that segregation was legal as long as there was "separate but equal" facilities -Allowed for the South to legally discriminate for the next 50 years

What are political machines?

powerful organizations that used both legal and illegal methods to get their candidates elected to public office (corruption)

What is the idea of honest/dishonest graft?

politics for personal gain -honest, not illegal ("taking opportunities") -dishonest, illegal (blackmailing)

What was tammany hall?

The democratic political machine controlling New York City politics from the 1854 to the 1934.

Who was Boss Tweed?

a usual target of muckrakers, trying to expose the corruption

What were muckrakers?

journalists who exposed the corruption of gilded age politicians through art and writing-Thomas Nast & Upton Sinclair

What was the Homestead Act (1862)?

-gave any 21+ male 260 acres of land -had to build a home and farm for 5 years before being granted full ownership of the land by the government

What was the Pacific Railway Act (1862)?

-Government gave 125 million acres of land to railroad companies to build railroad and telegraph lines -Made the West more modern, created new jobs, and travel became faster

What was the Morill Act (1862)?

-Government gave land to states to build colleges (mostly teaching agriculture) -This was the first time the federal government funded colleges and allowed settlers to receive an education in the west

What was the Oklahoma Land Run (1889)?

-at noon on April 22, 1889 the territory of present day Oklahoma was opened to settlers -50,000 people rushed into the Oklahoma interior to stake their claim, by winning a race (occurred 5 more times)

What did the Great Pacific Railway's impact?

-determined to unite east and west -on its way to becoming a world power -allowed people to have their own farm -carry thousands of western longhorns to the east -bring buffalo hunters (almost making the Natives' food extinct)

How did the transcontinental railroad create economic growth and unity?

-increases trade (serves as an important commercial route for natural resources) -allows military authority to maintain peace among Indians and protect those from robbers -causes friendly relations, and secure peace on the Mexican border

Discrimination: Native Americans (Gilded Age)

-Sand Creek Massacre (1864)→Denver citizens carried out a surprise attack on a noncombatant encampment -Battle of Washita (1868)→led U.S. calvary on a surprise dawn attack (Black Kettle killed) -Indian Appropriation Act (1871)→not members of sovereign nations -Dawes Act (1887)→authorized the president to break up reservation land -Carlisle Indian Industrial School→forced assimilation -Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)→ghost dance turned into shooting police officer

Discrimination: African Americans (Gilded Age)

-Jim Crow Laws -Plessy v. Ferguson -KKK -Sharecropping -Literacy Tests

Discrimination: Chinese (Gilded Age)

-Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) -Americans supported this because they claimed they were taking their jobs (gave immigrants someone to blame)

What are push factors for migration?

-Unemployment -Lack of safety -Poverty -Crop failure -War, civil unrest -Isolation

What are pull factors for immigration?

-Potential for employment -Safer environment -Greater wealth -Fertile land -Political security -Friends & family

What were "old" immigrants?

West Europe -British Isles -Germany -Ireland -France -China

What were "new" immigrants?

East Europe -Italy -Croatia -Slavic Nations -Greece -Poland

At Ellis Island what happened?

-Served as an immigration inspection site (filtered immigrants - prostitutes, anarchists) -Became a detainment site -Because its an island they could control who goes in (and keep them in) and who goes out (not able to escape to mainland)

What were the conditions like in tenement housing?

-cramped (family of 10 living in 3 rooms) -no good amenities (no electricity, running water, or much sunlight)

How did Jacob Riles play a part during the era of Tenement Housing?

He wrote a book that exposed the horrible living conditions of tenement housing

What was the Tenement Housing Act (1901)?

Banned the construction of dark, poorly constructed tenement houses with no ventilation. New buildings must be constructed with outward facing windows in every room, an indoor toilet, an outdoor courtyard, and fire safeguards.

What is nativism?

Favoring the interest of those born in a nation over immigrants

What is melting pot?

Belief that people should blend together by abandoning native culture (assimilation) -many immigrants did not want to do this

Why did they pass the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), and what is it?

-Americans were mad immigrants were willing to work for less money (Nativism increased) -Banned the entry of most Chinese immigrants

What was the Gentlemen's Agreement?

-Japan limited how may people left their country -In return the US (San Francisco) ended segregated schools (previously segregated the Japanese)

What were characteristics of urbanization (growth of cities because of cheap housing and factory jobs)?

increased because of industrialization -caused an increase in diversity

What were challenge of urbanization?

-cities not planned (just adding on) -Housing: immigrants lived with two or three families in tenement housing, crowded & dirty -Water: cities had poor or no piped water -Sanitation: streets had manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection -Crime: theft and crime increased, early police forces were too small -Fire: lots of fire hazards (limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters), most firefighters were volunteers

What is vertical integration?

takes direct ownership of various stages of its production process rather than relying on external contractors or suppliers -more accepted (Carnegie)

Different monopoly leader:

1) Vanderbilt - railroad 2) Morgan - banking 3) Rockefeller - oil 4) Carnegie - steel

What is horizontal integration?

A business strategy in which one company grows its operations by merging with another company, acquiring another company, or internally expanding its operations

Why did unions form?

-low wages -long hours -unsafe conditions -children worked

What was the biggest union?

Knights of labor originally but was then passed by the American Federation of labor led by Samuel Gompers

What were methods used by unions?

-strikes -boycotts -sabotage -collective bargaining

How did bosses retaliate to unions?

-lockouts (lock employees out unless they accept a pay cut) -new workers sign a yellow dog contract (saying they wouldn't join union) -hire scabs (immigrants willing to work for cheap) -Bosses would get courts to oder injunctions, if the striked the militia would be sent in

What was the Triangle Factory Fire, and what things led to the fire and its effects?

-fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NY on the top floors of a building (mostly women employed) -doors were locked, ladder was not tall enough, lack of sprinklers, fire hose was unusable, second elevator wasn't added

How did the Haymarket Riot impact the labor movement?

-created serious setbacks -membership (to unions) dwindled -anti union sentiment swept the nation

How did the Homestead Strike intensify?

-right hand man (Frick) put up a fence, water cannons, and sniper towers -steel workers weren't intimidated and refused to pay cuts -union men went on strike -Frick shipped a 300 man private security force to replace the non union replacement workers -strikers used explosives in an attempt to blow up the ship -after five months Carnegie CRUSHED the union at Homestead (not getting higher wages)

Did the president step in on the Pullman strike, and if so what was the effect?

-President stepped in, injunction that made it illegal for union leaders to make its members not work -federal troops moved in and opened fire on strikers -1,000s of cars sat on fire

What do we owe unions?

-work free weekend -no child labor -negotiate health benefit plans -Labor day honors their achievements

Who was Booker T. Washington?

-Practicality and accommodation. -should focus on hard work, technical skills, and economic independence rather than agitating for political equality. -believed in gradual equality -asked whites to give up job opportunities to blacks -Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama FOR ASSIMILATION

Who was W.E.B. DuBois?

-Aggressive agitation and full integration. -political power, civil rights, and higher education were essential to Black liberation and could not be compromised. -opposed Washington's tolerance for segregation

Why was the Populist Party created?

-after the panic of 1873, farmers in the south and west were upset about the prices of their goods falling formed a new political party -Acting as a political party, the populists were hoping to unite farmers into one group with their homebase in Omaha, Nebraska

What were the major goals of the populist party?

-Populist wanted paper money to be backed by silver instead of gold -to prevent a surplus of items farmer should be paid to not grow a product -people should have to pass an exam to prove if they are capable enough to work for the national government -limit the number of immigrants coming into the country, because they were taking jobs away from American born citizens -the president serve for 6 years

Why did the populist party decline?

-the Democrats and Republicans had too many supporters -the era of small farmers in producers was fading away -many left and joined the socialist party -although the party failed, many of their ideas were accomplished later after being adopted by the Democratic Party -the presidential election of 1896 in the federal government's closing of the frontier signal at the end of the Gilded Age

What were examples of scientific and technological advancements?

-skyscrapers -electric transit -engineering & urban planning -revolution in printing -airplanes -photography

What is progressivism?

-a variety of responses to the economic and social problems industrialization (working in factories) introduced to America -began as a social movement and grew into a political movement -believed the problems society faced could be best addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, an an efficient workplace

What were 4 goals of progressivism?

-protecting social welfare -creating economic reform -promoting moral improvement (2nd temperance) -fostering efficiency

What did Northern Securities v. US accomplish (1903)?

-prevented a railroad monopoly from being formed -commerce clause

What did the pure food and drug act (1906) accomplish?

-regulating or preventing the sale, manufacturing or transportation of unfit goods (poison, diseased animals, injurious to health)

What did Teddy Roosevelt's executive orders accomplish?

-conservation of land (national parks, sanctuaries, reservoirs)

What did the amendments to the constitution accomplish?

-16: officially codifies the federal income tax -17: amends constitution to allow citizens to directly elect senators at the Federal level -18: prohibits the manufacture, distribution, and consumption at the federal level -19: officially grants women the right to vote

What were voting accomplishments of the progressive era?

-19th amendment (gave women the right to vote) -secret ballot -recall -initiative -referendum

What was Roosevelt's "Square Deal"?

-a promise that everyone deserves a fair and equal shot at success(we should judge individuals on their character, morals, and merit, not on class or a job) -embraced the 3 C's (control of corporations, consumer protection, & conservation of natural resources)