apush bm2 prep

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops, and populations between the New and Old Worlds.

Impact on Native Americans

Gave them horses, new crops, and deadly diseases.

Impact on Europeans

New foods led to population boom and longer lifespans.

The Three Sisters

Maize, beans, and squash; allowed Natives to settle and store food for winter.

Impact of the horse on Plains Indians

Made them more nomadic hunters; followed buffalo more efficiently.

Reasons for Spanish exploration

God, Glory, Gold.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spanish priest who opposed native mistreatment under the encomienda system.

Encomienda System

Forced Native labor under conquistadors for conversion to Catholicism.

Spain’s relationship with Natives

Spain worst—enslaved Natives; France best—trade partners.

Joint-stock company

Company owned by shareholders; e.g. Virginia Company founded Jamestown.

New England economy

Rocky soil, cold; fishing, shipbuilding, trade.

Middle economy

"Breadbasket colonies"—grain crops, trade, New York main port.

Southern economy

Cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo); relied on slavery.

Powhatan Rebellion

Virginia, 1622–1644; Powhatans vs Jamestown settlers.

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 Virginia; ex-indentured servants rebelled over land; led to slavery increase.

Shay’s Rebellion

Massachusetts farmers protesting taxes; exposed weakness of Articles.

Stono Rebellion

1739 South Carolina slave revolt; stricter slave codes after.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

1763 Ohio Valley; Natives vs British; led to Proclamation of 1763.

Decline of indentured servitude

Bacon’s Rebellion + fewer servants; turned to enslaved Africans.

Need for cheap labor

Southern plantations required large labor force.

Pilgrims

Separatists; Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1620.

Mayflower Compact

First social contract; self-government agreement.

Mercantilism

Exports > imports; colonies supply raw materials.

Who benefited from mercantilism?

Mother country (Britain).

Enforcement of trade by Britain

Navigation Acts (1660).

French and Indian War

1754–1763.

Land gained by Britain

All French land east of Mississippi + Spanish Florida.

Colonists settlement desire

West of Appalachians (Ohio River Valley).

Proclamation of 1763

Banned settlement west of Appalachians; avoid conflict with Natives.

Stamp Act (1765)

First direct tax on colonists; taxed legal docs and newspapers.

Quartering Act

Colonists had to house British soldiers.

Tea Act (1773)

Lowered tea tax but gave monopoly to British East India Co.; led to Boston Tea Party.

Boston Massacre causes

Tension over troops/taxes.

Boston Massacre event

5 killed; used as propaganda.

Boston Massacre aftermath

John Adams defended soldiers; acquitted.

Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” message

Argued colonies should declare independence.

Impact of Enlightenment on Declaration

Influenced Jefferson (Locke’s life, liberty, property → rights).

Purpose of Declaration of Independence

Formally declare separation from Britain.

American Revolution timeline

1776–1783 (Treaty of Paris).

Abigail Adams influence

“Remember the Ladies” letters to John Adams.

Republican Motherhood

Women educate children to be good citizens.

Weakness of Articles of Confederation

Feared tyranny; no executive/judicial branches.

First two political parties

Federalists (strong gov) vs Democratic-Republicans (state power).

Hamilton vs Jefferson views

Hamilton—strong central gov; Jefferson—states’ rights.

Branch supporting Hamilton

Judicial (McCulloch v. Maryland upheld Bank).

Strict vs Loose constructionism

Strict—only powers listed; Loose—“necessary & proper” interpretation.

Representation compromises

NJ Plan—equal; Great Compromise—House (pop) + Senate (equal); 3/5 Compromise—3 of 5 enslaved counted.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments; protect individual rights; appease Anti-Federalists.

Elastic Clause

“Necessary and proper”; Hamilton used for National Bank.

Alien & Sedition Acts

Raised citizenship to 14 yrs, punished criticism; Federalists passed to keep power.

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

Jefferson/Madison; states can nullify federal laws.

Settlers vs Natives (east of Mississippi)

Ongoing conflict; treaties broken; Natives pushed west.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that U.S. had God-given right to expand west.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland

States can’t tax federal gov; upheld Bank.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Only fed gov can regulate interstate commerce.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Speech limited if “clear and present danger.”

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Doubled U.S. size; Jefferson contradicted strict views.

President opposing the National Bank

Andrew Jackson; said it favored the rich.

Market Revolution

Shift from self-sufficient farming to market-based production.