Thermochemistry

### Intermolecular forces

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Forces that attract atoms to each other within the same molecule

a molecule is polar when

1) it’s central atom is attached to different types of atoms

2) the central atom has 1 or more lone pairs

Solid —> Gas

Solid—>melting—>liquid—>boiling—>gas

Gas —> Solid

Gas—>condensation—>liquid—>freezing—>solid

Solid to gas

Sublimation

Gas to solid

Deposition

What are the endothermic processes?

melting, boiling, and sublimation

Endothermic

Absorbs heat

Heat is used to ____ __or completely break down__ ______ forces

loosen, intermolecular

What are the exothermic processes?

freezing, condensation, and deposition

What is the exothermic process?

releases heat

Vaporization/boiling happens when?

at the boiling point

Heat is absorbed to either increase temp of the substance, or change its state of matter…

but never both at the same time

Evaporation occurs when?

below the boiling point of the liquid

The warmer the surroundings, the more energy available for the water particles to leave, which leads to?

Faster evaporation

Dynamic equilibrium

rate of condensation = rate of evaporation

Normal boiling point is when vapor pressure of a liquid reaches atmospheric pressure at?

1\.00 atm

As altitude goes up, pressure goes down

Food takes longer to cook

As altitude decreases, pressure goes up

food cooks faster than at 1.00 atm