Veterinary Pharmacology: Hormones and Antibiotics

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering veterinary hormones, antibiotic classifications, clinical indications, withdrawal periods, excretion routes, microbial sources, and mechanisms of action.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyroxine)

Indicated as treatment (Tx) for acanthosis nigricans in dogs.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, arginine, vasopressin)

Hormone whose deficiency or lack causes Diabetes Insipidus.

Glucagon

Pancreatic hormone whose decrease can cause Diabetes Mellitus.

Type I (Insulin dependent)

Insulin form indicated as treatment (Tx) for ketosis.

Male Sex Hormone (Androgen)

Indicated as treatment (Tx) for infertility, hypogonadism, and aspermia.

Dehydroepiandrosterone

An androgen that is identified as the cause of boar taint.

Slazbolak

An anabolic steroid used in fighting cocks.

Burimamide

An H2 antagonist indicated as treatment (Tx) for gastritis, gastric ulcer, and hyperacidity.

Substance P (Neurokinin)

Peptide obtained from the intestine and brain of the horse.

Eledoisin

Peptide derived from the salivary glands of the octopus.

Physaelamin

Peptide derived from the skin of amphibians.

Boldenone

Anabolic steroid indicated as treatment for Enna's horniness and kinky-ness.

Penicillin (Indications)

Indicated as treatment (Tx) for Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli, and Salmonella.

Rifamycin and Streptomycin

Combined antibiotic regimen used as treatment (Tx) for tuberculosis in humans.

Cephapirin benzathine

A cephalosporin indicated as treatment (Tx) for dry cow therapy.

Cephapirin sodium

A cephalosporin indicated as treatment (Tx) for mastitis.

Ceftiofur

A cephalosporin indicated as treatment (Tx) for pneumonia caused by Pasteurella.

3rd Generation Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins (including Ceftiofur, Ceftriaxone, Cefsulodin, Cefotaxime, and Cefoperazone) that pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and serve as treatment (Tx) for meningitis.

Paromomycin

An aminoglycoside indicated as treatment (Tx) for cryptosporidiosis in cats.

Amikacin

An aminoglycoside categorized as the drug of choice (DOC) for severe gram (-) infection.

Apramycin (Indications)

An aminoglycoside used as treatment (Tx) for porcine colibacillosis (pig scours), as well as E. coli and Salmonella.

Minocycline

A tetracycline indicated as treatment (Tx) for nocardiosis.

Doxycycline (Indications)

A tetracycline indicated as treatment (Tx) for ehrlichiosis.

Florfenicol

A chloramphenicol derivative indicated as treatment (Tx) for Cattle Eye Infection.

Tylosin (Indications & Side Effects)

A macrolide indicated for pink eye caused by Moraxella bovis in cattle, pleuropneumonia due to Haemophilus parahemolyticus, and swine dysentery; causes rectal prolapse in pigs as a common side effect.

Tulathromycin

A macrolide indicated for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine.

Erythromycin (Indications)

A macrolide indicated for pyoderma in small animals caused by Staphylococci, respiratory infections caused by Mycoplasma, and diarrhea caused by Campylobacter.

Oleandomycin

A macrolide antibiotic utilized as a feed additive for growth promotion.

Lincomycin (Indications)

A lincosamide indicated for bacterial arthritis and pneumonia in pigs, as well as swine dysentery.

Clindamycin (Indications)

A lincosamide serving as a common drug treatment for anaerobic infections.

Sulfapyridine

A sulfonamide indicated as treatment (Tx) for colitis in dogs.

Furazolidone

A nitrofuran that causes round-heart disease in poultry.

Novobiocin + Tetracycline

Miscellaneous antibiotic combination indicated as treatment (Tx) for kennel cough and tonsillitis in dogs.

Carbadox

A synthetic antibacterial indicated for swine dysentery, noted to be more effective than Lincomycin.

Methanamine Mandelate

Miscellaneous antibiotic used experimentally as treatment (Tx) for burn wounds in rats.

Listeria infections (Circling Disease) Therapy

Treated with the combination of Penicillin + streptomycin/amoxicillin + gentamicin.

Pseudomonas infections Therapy

Treated with the combination of Penicillin + cephalosporin.

Bacteroides fragiles Therapy

Treated with the synergistic combination of Macrolide + cefamandole.

Nocardia asteroides Therapy

Treated with the combination of Macrolide + ampicillin.

Rhodococcus equi Therapy

Causative agent of pneumonia in foals; treated with Macrolide (erythromycin) + rifampin.

Lincospectin (Lincomycin + Spectinomycin)

Combination indicated for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Chronic Respiratory Disease in poultry), E. coli, and Bacteroides nodosus (foot rot in sheep).

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Anaerobic pathogen common on wounds against which first-generation cephalosporins (Cephalosporin 1st Gen) are ineffective.

Penicillin (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 7-30 days in meat, 2-3 days in milk; Excreted in urine for a short period of time, with biliary excretion for long-acting formulations.

Cephalosporins (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 4-42 days in meat, 3-4 days in milk; Excreted mostly in urine, with biliary excretion for new cephalosporins.

Aminoglycosides (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 20-30 days in meat (PO), 100-120 days in meat (parenteral), 2-3 days in milk; Eliminated unchanged in the urine.

Tetracyclines (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 7-28 days in meat, 4 days in milk; Excreted 50-80% in urine and 10-20% in bile (Doxycycline is excreted in bile).

Chloramphenicol (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 2 weeks; Excretion is mostly urinary, with entero-hepatic circulation occurring for oral chloramphenicol.

Macrolides (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 7-12 days in meat, 36-96 hours in milk; Excreted mainly in bile with entero-hepatic circulation, and 10% slowly excreted in urine.

Lincosamides (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 2 days in meat, 36 hours in milk; Excreted both in urine and bile.

Sulfonamides (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 7-15 days in meat, 60-96 hours in milk; Excreted in urine.

Quinolones (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 1-3 weeks in meat, 96 hours in milk; Excreted in urine.

Nitrofurans (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: varies (5 days in pigs); Principal excretion route is in urine.

Pleuromutilins (Excretion)

Excreted both in urine and bile.

Polymyxin and Colistin (Withdrawal & Excretion)

Withdrawal period: 2 weeks in meat, 3 days in milk; Principal excretion route is in urine.

Penicillin (Source & Action)

Derived from Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum; bactericidal action via inhibition of cell wall synthesis.

Streptomycin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces griseus; bactericidal aminoglycoside that inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s subunit.

Gentamicin (Source & Action)

Derived from Micromonospora purpurea; bactericidal aminoglycoside that inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s subunit.

Vancomycin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces orientalis; miscellaneous bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis.

Bacitracin (Bactiracin)

Derived from Bacillus subtilis; miscellaneous bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis.

Hygromycin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces hygromyceticus; bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis.

Chlortetracycline (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces aureofasciens; bacteriostatic tetracycline that inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s subunit.

Oxytetracycline (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces rimosus; bacteriostatic tetracycline that inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s subunit.

Erythromycin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces erythrus; bacteriostatic macrolide that inhibits protein synthesis at the 50s subunit.

Tylosin / Neomycin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces fradiae; bacteriostatic macrolide that inhibits protein synthesis at the 50s subunit.

Novobiocin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces niveus; miscellaneous bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase.

Griseofulvin

Antifungal antibiotic derived from Penicillium griseofulvum.

Amphotericin

Antifungal antibiotic derived from Streptomyces nodosus.

Monensin

Antiprotozoal / anticoccidial agent derived from Streptomyces cinnamonensis.

Milbemycin

Antiparasitic agent (external parasites - endectocide) derived from Streptomyces cyanogriseus.

Rifamycin (Rifampin) (Source & Action)

Derived from Nocardia mediterrea or Streptomyces mediterranei; bactericidal agent that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerases.

Apramycin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces tenebrarius; bactericidal aminoglycoside that inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s subunit.

Cephalosporin C

Derived from Cephalosporium acremonium; bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis.

Chloramphenicol (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptomyces venezuelae; bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis at the 50s subunit.

Clindamycin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptococcus lincolnensis var. lincolnensis; bacteriostatic / coccidiostatic lincosamide that inhibits protein synthesis at the 50s subunit.

Virginiamycin

Derived from Streptomyces virginiae; miscellaneous bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis at the 23s subunit.

Lincomycin (Source & Action)

Derived from Streptococcus lincolnensis var. lincolnensis; bacteriostatic lincosamide that inhibits protein synthesis at the 50s subunit.

Polymyxins (Source & Action)

Derived from Bacillus polymyxa; bactericidal antibiotics that impair cell membrane function.

Thiostrepton

Derived from Streptomyces azureus; miscellaneous bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis at the 50S subunit.

Salinomycin

Anticoccidial agent derived from Streptomyces albus.

Semduramicin

Anticoccidial agent derived from Actinomadura roseorufa.

Carbadox (Source & Action)

Synthetic miscellaneous bacteriostatic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis.

Methenamine

Synthetic broad-spectrum bactericidal urinary antiseptic.

Sulfonamides (TMP-S) (Source & Action)

Synthetic bacteriostatic agents that inhibit folic acid synthesis.

Quinolones (Source & Action)

Synthetic bactericidal agents that inhibit DNA synthesis.

Nitrofurans (Source & Action)

Synthetic bacteriostatic agents that inhibit microbial enzymes (CHO).

Pleuromutilins (Source & Action)

Derived from Pleurotus mutilus and Clitopilus passeckerianus; bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at the 50S subunit.