ARC2701 Heavy Order -- Romanesque Architecture

Churches sprang up all over the Christian world to accommodate a population increase enabled by relative ___ and ___

stability, prosperity

___ brought in donations, so they were big business for the cathedrals and monasteries who owned them.

Therefore, these churches needed to be ___ enough to accommodate flocks of the faithful.

Relics, large

___ was the medieval equivalent of tourism. Pilgrimage routes developed along the major roads, and these routes included numerous relic-holding churches to visit along the way.

Pilgrimage

___ architecture is the style of architecture prevalent in

Medieval Europe in the late middle ages, approx. 1000 – 1200 CE

Romanesque

Romanesque architecture was characterized by ___ ___ and ___ ___, similar to earlier Roman construction as filtered through Early Christian and some Byzantine sensibilities.

heavy mass, round arches

A ___ is a linear space set crosswise /

perpendicular to the main nave, creating a

cruciform church plan.

Transept

The plans of Romanesque show the basilica form of Early Christian churches

(the norm), Now transformed into a ___ (cross-shaped) plan with the

addition of the ___

CRUCIFORM, TRANSEPT

7 Key Characteristics of Romanesque Architecture:

R___, H___, D___, H____, T___, C___, I___ / v___ compared to earlier churches

Round arches, Heavy Mass, Decorative Masonry, Horizontal Banding, Towers, Cylinders, Increased height / verticality

___ ___ were used in great

abundance; as structure, to define

openings (windows/doors), in

arcades, as barrel and groin vaults,

and also as decoration (blind

arcades and blind arches).(First key characteristic of Romanesque arch)

Round arches

A ___ is a succession of contiguous

arches, with each arch supported by a

colonnade of columns or piers.

Exterior arcades are designed to

provide a sheltered walkway for

pedestrians.

Arcade

A ___ ___ is one that is composed

of a series of arches that has no actual

openings and that is applied to the

surface of a wall as a decorative

element. Can be made with pilasters or

engaged columns.

blind arcade

A blind arcade can be made with ___ or engaged columns.

pilasters

A blind arcade can be made with pilasters or

___ ___.

engaged columns

___ ___ are ones attached to wall or

other surface, for decorative purposes.

(usually used in a repeating line on wall).

Blind arches

___ ___– Thick masonry walls with small openings; and thick structural piers, pilasters, and buttresses to support the outward thrust of high arched forms.(2nd key characteristics of Romanesque architecture)

Heavy Mass

___ ___ are extremely heavy and difficult

to construct. To support them, Romanesque

churches have massive piers or compound

columns and thick walls that could only be

interrupted by small windows. External

buttresses helped as well.

stone vaults

A structural ___ in

Romanesque architecture is a

massive vertical masonry support

designed to carry the heavy

weight and outward thrust of

rounded stone arches and vaults.

pier

A ___ ___ is a clustered masonry support

made of a central core with

attached vertical shafts, half-

columns, or pilasters.

compound pier

A ___ is a projecting structure

for supporting or giving stability

to a wall or building.

buttress

A ___ is a shallow, rectangular

architectural element that projects

slightly from a wall, giving the

visual appearance of a supporting

column.

pilaster

___ ___ – ornamentation is primarily done through the

elaboration of the brickwork or stonework, and as bas-relief sculpture.(3rd key characteristic of Romanesque Arch)

Decorative Masonry

___ ___ – articulation of decorative layers of the building in

contrasting lines of material. We see this in banding of main walls and contrasting voussoirs of arches. (4th key characteristic of Romanesque Arch)

Horizontal Banding

___- large and solid, serving as

landmarks for the city. Often paired

on a façade, and/or located at the

crossing of transept and nave.(5th key characteristic of Romanesque Arch)

Towers

___– Multiple cylindrical

forms around building (multiplying

the apse)(6th key characteristic of Romanesque Arch)

cylinders

Romanesque buildings gain their impact through their___ and simple, horizontally-focused arrangement of architectural forms

monumentality

___ ___ – The beginning of the style, where the structures have

more of the austerity of Early Christian churches, but bigger and more

masonry articulation. Basically, a grey zone of overlap.

Early Romanesque

“___” Romanesque – The main body of what we call Romanesque, with

all the traits we associate with the style.

Main

___ Romanesque – Where the style becomes more elaborate in

decoration, with layering, arcading, more decorative contrast, and more

external sculpture. (This is the transition into the Gothic.)

High

Toulouse, France (1080 – 1120 CE), Romanesque Architecture

The Basilica of Saint-Sernin

A ___ is a tapering conical or

pyramidal structure on the top of a

building, particularly a church tower.

spire

Floor plan of The Basilica of Saint-___

Sernin

___ ___: smaller

projecting apses around the

transept and main apse for the

display of relics.

Apsidiole Chapels

Auvergne, France (early 12th century), Romanesque Architecture

Le Puy Cathedral

A ___ is a covered walk in a

convent, monastery, college, or

cathedral, typically with a wall on one

side and a colonnade open to a

quadrangle on the other. A cloister is

usually the area in a monastery

around which the principal buildings

are ranged, affording a means of

communication between the

buildings.

Cloister

Common Italian church layout:

Main church basilica

Round or octagonal ___

Detached or semi-detached ___

baptistery, campanile

Limburg Cathedral

The Limburg Cathedral ___ decorative masonry

Polychromatic

Elaborate ___ arcades holding sculpture

becomes more common in High Romanesque

blind

Florence Baptistery

The Florence Baptistery is decorated with bands of white and green

____

marble

Lucca, Italy (11 th century CE)

Church of San Michele

The Church of San Michele has elaborate ____ with

a wide variety of ____ also more common in High

Romanesque

arcades, columns

Campanile - Bell tower

The Leaning Tower of Pisa

Common Italian church layout:

___

___ baptistery

___ campanile

Main church basilica, Round or octagonal, Detached or semi-detached

Italy (1215-1263 CE)

Siena Cathedral

Which cathedral has this interior?

Siena Cathedral