Quiz 1

Cross sectional imaging

Technique that produces a series of images in a given plane

Hyperdense/Hyperattenuating

Term for White in CT

Hypodense/Hypoattenuatting

Term for Shades of grey in CT

Isodense

Term for two equal densities in CT

In MRI is the same but it ends with intense

Hyperintense

Hypointense

Isointense

CT stands for:

Computed Tomography

Helical/Spiral CT:

X-Ray path through he patient is spiral

Determines the contrast of the image

Window width

Based on the tissue of interest

Window level

Medium administered IV for contrast in CT in based in:

Iodine

Why use a contrast medium?

• Degree of vascularization in lesion

• Better understanding of lesion

Cross sectional imaging with ionizing radiation:

CT Scan

Cross sectional imaging without ionizing radiation

MRI

MRI stands for

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Best of imaging Bone and lungs

CT Scan

Best for soft tissue contrast

MRI

Sum of all magnetic fields found in one spin is defined as:

Net magnetization

Sum of all spins is defined as:

Null net magnetization

What makes protons be out of position and spin in sync?

radiofrequency applied to tissue of interest

what makes the proton (H+) act as a magnet

Nuclear spin

Proton have magnetic properties and their movement will be captured by the MRI

true

Which examines multiple planes and windows at a time

CT

Which is faster

CT

Which needs different scans to evaluate multiple areas in the body

MRI

Which usually do a single site

MRI

Name every part of the anatomy of hinged surgical instrument

a. Ring Handle

b. Ratchet

c. Shank (can vary in length)

d. Box lock or Screw

e. Box lock pin

f. Jaws (vary in length and design)

g. Tips

Name

Bard-Parker Scalpel Handles

What is special of the #3 & #4 Bard-Parker Scalpel Handles?

They have a type of handle with ribbed grip area

Which type of scalpel handle is commonly used for companion aniamal procedures?

#3 Bard-Scalpel Handle

Most common used scalpel handles?

#3, #4, #7

Which handles accept an assortment of blades?

#3, #7, #9

Which tye of handles accept larger blades?

#4, #8

Larger Blades?

>20

Name this cutting instrument

Metzenbaum Scissors

For what we can use the Metzenbaum scissors

• Blunt dissection

• Excision of delicate tissue (i.e SQ tissue)

• Cut flaccid tissue

• Short incisions

Name this cutting instrument

Mayo Scissors

For what we can use Mayo Scissors

• Blunt dissection

• Transect more dense tissue

Name this cutting instrument

Operating scissors

For what Operating Scissors are used for

Cut inanimate materias (i.e Drapes, sutures)

Name this grasping instrument

Rat toothed Forcep

Name this grasping instrument

Adson Tissue forcep (very fine rat tooth)

Name this grasping intrument

Brown-Adson tissue forcep

Name this grasping intrument

DeBakey Forceps

For what we can use the DeBakey forceps

• Grasping small vessels during vascular sx

Name this grasping instrument

Dressing forceps

• Cause significant damage if used in tissue

• Grasp inanimate objects or non viable tissue

Name Needle driver

Mayo Hegar

Name Needle driver

Olser Hager

• Has needle driver paired with scissor to decrease suturing time

If you see Brown-ish stains in instruments is indicative of:

Chromium oxide deposition

If you see Rust stains in instruments is indicative of:

Iron or Chloride content in water

If you see Bluish stains in instruments is indicative of:

Sterilization solution deposition

Phases fo testing a sample

• Pre-analytical phase

• Analytical phase

• Post-analytical phase

Pre-analytical phase

What happens before sample measurement

• Blood draw

• Tube selection

Analytical phase

Sample is being measured

Post-analytical phase

What happens after sample measurement

• Data transcription

• Data interpretation

In a chemistry panel you are testing for various things

True

What is the cellular component in a blood test

CBC

What is the liquid component in a blood test

Chemistry panel

Define Analyte

The actual component you are testing for in a chemistry panel

• Metabolic waste products

• Proteins

• Electrolites

• Enzymes (ALT, AST), etc

Define inducible enzymes

Increased in blood means enzymes are increasing in production

Define leakage enzymes

Increased number in blood means enzymes are leaking from damaged cells to bloodstream

Function of heparin as a anticoagulant

It potentates antithrombin (a main anticoagulant for most clotting factors)

Function of EDTA-K as a anticoagulant

Traps (chelates) calcium strongly

Function of Citrate as a anticoagulant

Chelates calcium gently

What does the biuret reaction measures

protein

Analytical error-impresicion

variation of results during repeated measurement

Example of constant bias

Result is constantly lowers or higher than the true value

Proportional bias

Measured value and true value varies with analyte concentration/activity.

What could be released form the RBC to the serum or plasma due to hemolysis fo blood?

• Hemoglobyn

• Potassium

• AST

• Posphate

what can be seen in EDTA + K contamination

• Fase icrease in K+

• False decrease in Ca+2

Unexpected imprecision

unpredictable events that cause random error (i.e bubble in tubing, pipette malfunction)

Expected imprecision will have minimal error

true

What can we measure using potentiometry

Electrolytes

EMH stands for

Extramedullary hematopoyesis

ECM stands for

Extra cellular matrix

Hematopoyesis begins at the ______ in fetal development

Fetal yolk sac

Extramedullary hematopoyesis (ECM) occurs ____

Outside of the bone marrow (i.e spleen)

Main sites of active bone marrow in adults

• proximal ends of femur and humerus

• Flat bones

• Vertebrae

CMP (Common Myeloid Progenitor Cell) includes what types of cells

Those that are not of lymphoid origin

Mention CMP (Common Myeloid Progenitor Cell)

• Granulocytes

• Erythrocytes

• Megakaryocytes

• Etc

Lymphoid Progenitor give rise to

• NK Cells

• T cells

• B cells

Lymphoid progenitor cells and Common myeloid Progenitor cells are produced by

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)

Populations of RBC & WBC can be divided in two pools

• proliferation

• Maturation and storage

Most cells are located in what pool

Maturation pool (in healthy animals)

What gives the redish color to the RBC

Hemoglobyn

Maturation of erythroid cells happen in

erythroblastic islands

erythropoiesis is stimulated by _____

erythropoietin (EPO)

erythropoietin is made in the ______

kidneys

nurse macrophage provides to the erythroid cells:

• motility

• iron

• signals

Common forms of iron restricted erythropoiesis

• Depleted iron stores

• Iron sequestration due to inflammation

thrombopoiesis is stimulated by ____

thrombopoietin

thrombopoietin is made in the ____

liver

what is the function of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)

increase prouction of granuocytes