Unit 1 - The brain - AP Psychology

Cerebral Cortex

cerrebrum

highest level of thinking

Most complex

What are the parts of the cerebral cortex

Frontal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe

Frontal lobe

judgement, logic, impluse control, muscle movement & speaking, develops fully by 25

Where is the cerebral cortex located

Where is the frontal lobe located

What are the parts of the frontal lobe

Motor cortex & Broca’s area

Motor cortex

controls volentary muscle movements

Broca’s area

production of speech

Brocas aphasia

Speech is Broc-a

a condition where you cannot say what you think

Where is the motor cortex

Where is brocas area

Occipital lobe

sensory information related to vision

where is the occipital lobe

Brainstem

the stalk-like lower part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord

things that occur without effort

What are the parts of the brainstem

medulla and RAS

where is the brainstem

Medulla

medal around heart and lungs

heart rate, blood pressure, respiration

RAS

rise and shine

alertness, arousal, multitasking

where is the medulla

Where is the RAS

Thalamus

directing traffic in brain

Switching board, controls stimuli

Cerebellum

balance, muscle memory

skills

walking

Drunk

Where is the cerebellum

Where is the thalamus

Limbic system

above brainstem

more complex behaviors

emotions, memory, drives

what are the parts of the limbic system

hypothalamus, pirtuitary, hippocampus, amygdala

where is the limbic system located

Hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis

regulates drives → thirst, sexual, temp

Communicates with endocrine system

Pituitary

controls glands in endocrine

regulates growth

master gland

Hippocampus

facts, dates

explicit memory

dmage = inability to form new meories

concussoins

Amygdala

emotion: fear & agression

big emotions

where is the hypothalamus located

where is the pituitary gland located

where is the hippocampus located

where is the amygdala located

corpus callosum

connects 2 hemispheres of brain

where is the corpus callosum

temporal lobe

located on temples of head where ears are located

recieves and processes sensory information related to hearing

what is apart of the temporal lobe

wernickes area

werneckies area

responsible for understanding of what people are saying

werneckies aphasia

trouble understanding words, can speak easily but doenst make any sense

parietal lobe

largely an associatoin area linked to mathematical and spatial reasoning

recieves sesnory input for touch and body position

what is apart of the parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex

somatosensory cortex

registers and processes all incoming touch and movement sensations

where is the temporal lobe located

where is the parietal lobe located

where is wernickes area

where is somatosensory cortex

Reward center

a complex network of neural structures that reinforces behaviors essential for survival, like eating and social bonding

Hemispheres

left hemisphere and the right hemisphere, which are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

Left hemisphere

speaking & language

controlling the RIGHT side of the body

right hemisphere

visual perception

controlling the LEFT side of the body

split brain patients

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting fibers (especially in the corpus callosum)

how does vision relate to the hemisphers

everything in the right visual field is interpreted by the left hemisphere

everything in the left visual field is interpreted by the right hemisphere

Lateralization

the tendency for specific cognitive processes and neural functions to be specialized to either the left or the right hemisphere of the human brain

biopsychoosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychoogical, and social-cultural levels of analysis

neuroplasticity

brains ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Lesion

tissue destruction. brain lesions may occur naturallm during surgery, or experimentaly

highlight the different functions of different areas of brain because when someone has a lesion they are missing a nromal brain function

eeg

a safe, painless, and non-invasive medical test that measures and records the electrical activity of your brain via small metal discs (electrodes) attached to your scalp

activates different sectors of your brain

fMRI

a non-invasive medical imaging scan that measures and maps brain activity by detecting tiny changes in blood flow and oxygen levels

Phineas Gage

Damage to Large part of frontal lobe

Changed him from being polite and patient to being rude

People said he was so different that he was no longer himself

Patient H.M.

Damage to Majority of the Hippocampus

Epilepsy improved

Recalling memories from before but not form new memories

Normal intelligence and could have short conversations but would forget them when distracted

Ataxia

Damage ot Right half of the cerebellum

This causes difficulty in controlling movements on the left half of his body.

When making movements with just his left side (such as touching his nose with his left hand) his movements were jerky.

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

Amygdala which hardens and wastes away

Unable to recognize fear and experience fear