AP Bio Unit 2 review

What two major components are cell membranes made of?

Proteins and Phospholipids

What term describes a solution with more solutes compared to a solution with less solutes?

hypertonic

Which line represents the bag that contained a solution MOST hypertonic to the 0.6 molar solution at the beginning of the experiment?

A

Which lines represents the bag that contained a solution hypotonic to the 0.6 molar solution at the beginning of the experiment

D and E

What cell membrane structure enables the membrane to stay fluid when cell temperature drops?

cholesterol

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient?

active transport

What is the function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in animal cell membranes?

they enable a cell to distinguish or recognize one type of cell from another

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

small and hydrophobic (nonpolar)

What is diffusion? Is the process slow or fast over long distances?

diffusion is the passive process by which molecules move from higher to lower concentrations. The process is slow over long distances

What would happen if you were given a shot of distilled water directly into your veins?

the red blood cells will swell because the water is hypotonic to the cells

Which of the following processes uses a transport protein and ATP energy?

active transport

What is the best definition of Osmosis?

The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

the function of the cell membrane?

It controls which substances enter and exit the cell

What is the function of proteins in the cell membrane?

cellular transport

What is a semipermeable membrane?

A membrane that has pores and allows small substances to pass through while blocking larger substances

Which picture is showing a condition where the plant cell is in a hypertonic solution?

Human red blood cells require isotonic conditions. Which red blood cell is in an isotonic solution?

In what direction will solute molecules like salt and sugar tend to move?

solute molecules like salt and sugar will tend to move from where there is more to where there is less

What Membrane Bound Organelles are found in both Animal and Plant Cells

Mitochondria and Nucleus

What organelle in a Plant Cell allows it to store large amounts of water?

large central vacuole

Which of the following is found in both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

Ribosomes

A certain type of specialized cell contains an unusually large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following functions is this cell type most likely specialized to perform?

The production and secretion of proteins

What is the function of a ribosome?

synthesize proteins

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids, maintains calcium levels, and aids in the detoxification of cells?

smooth E.R

This picture is an example of what type of cell?

prokaryotic

Description of chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and the enzymes required for photosynthesis.

Cell theory?

1. all organisms are made of 1 or more cells

2. cells are the basic building blocks of life

3. all cells come from existing cells

What organelle serves as a primary "packaging" area for molecules that will be distributed in and out of the cell?

Golgi Apparatus

What organelle keeps the cell clean by digesting worn out cell parts?

lysosome

Plant cells often have a much larger volume than animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

Plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

gap junctions

cell wall structure & function

-Made of peptidoglycan in prokaryotic bacterial cells

• made of cellulose in plants

Ribosomes structure and function

• composed of a small subunit and a large subunit

• made of ribosomal RNA and proteins

• in prokaryotes; 40% protein, 60% rRNA. In eukaryotes 50% protein and 50% rRNA

DNA structure and function

• composed of two polynucleotide strands that twist around each other into a double helix

• made of nucleotides with the bases: Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

• in prokaryotes have one circular double stranded DNA floating in the nucleoid region

• In eukaryotes it is linear, organized into chromosomes, and contained within a nucleus

rough er structure and function

• produce and transport proteins

• a network of interconnected sacs called cisternae, studded with ribosomes

smooth er structure and function

• produce and transport lipids

• control calcium levels

• detoxify the cell

• a network of interconnected, tube-like structures that lack ribosomes

golgi apparatus structure and function

• processes and packages proteins and lipids for transport to their final destination

• a collection of multiple flattened disc-shaped membrane sacs called cisternae

large central vacuole structure and function

• stores water and creates a turgor pressure that helps maintain plant shape

• occupies a large portion of a cells volume and is surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplast

mitochondria structure and function

-site of cellular respiration; where food energy is converted to usable ATP energy

-A double membrane organelle. The inner cristae and an interior matrix

chloroplast structure and function

• A double membrane organelle with a fluid filled space called stroma and thylakoid membranes

• Site of photosynthesis where CO2 and water are converted into glucose using solar energy

lysosome structure and function

• Break down and recycle excess or worn out cell parts

• single membrane organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes

peroxisome structure and function

-produces peroxide; a harmful substance that is immediately metabolized by catalase

-single membrane organelle that contains oxidative enzymes that break down fatty acids

endosymbiotic theory process

1. During the early evolution of cells some prokaryotic cells became larger when their cell membrane began to fold inward; the endomembrane system evolved

2. Larger prokaryotic cells engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells and a symbiotic relationship evolved

3.The larger prokaryotic cell provided protection and the smaller prokaryotic cell provided extra energy for survival; the smaller cell is thought to be the ancestor of mitochondria

4. The larger prokaryotic cell engulfed another prokaryotic cell that could make it's own energy using sunlight; this cell is thought to be the ancestor of chloroplast

5. When the two prokaryotic cells could no longer live without each other the eukaryotic cell had evolved

Why is it important for cells to be microscopic?

It is important for cells to be microscopic because it helps cells obtain nutrients, eliminate waste products, and exchange chemicals or energy with the environment.