SLP 481A Chapter 9: Autism 낱말 카드

What is autism spectrum disorder?

A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication and interaction plus restricted repetitive behaviors

What are the two primary diagnostic characteristics of ASD?

Persistent social communication and interaction deficits plus restricted repetitive behaviors

What is the primary communication impairment in autism?

Pragmatics or the social use of language

What is the primary focus of communication intervention for children with autism?

Improving meaningful social communication; social interaction; independence; and life participation

What are the three required areas of social communication deficits in ASD?

Social emotional reciprocity; nonverbal communication; and developing or maintaining relationships

What are the four categories of restricted repetitive behaviors?

Repetitive speech or movements; insistence on sameness; restricted interests; and unusual sensory responses

How many restricted repetitive behavior categories must be present for an ASD diagnosis?

At least two of the four categories

When must symptoms of ASD first be present?

During early childhood even if they are not recognized until later

What is Level 1 autism?

Requiring support for social communication difficulties and restricted repetitive behaviors

What is Level 2 autism?

Requiring substantial support for social communication difficulties and restricted repetitive behaviors

What is Level 3 autism?

Requiring very substantial support for social communication difficulties and restricted repetitive behaviors

How does Level 1 differ from Level 3 autism?

Level 1 requires support and often involves verbal communication while Level 3 requires very substantial support and may involve minimal or no spoken language

What communication characteristics are common in Level 1 autism?

Atypical prosody; limited gestures; one sided conversations; and difficulty understanding social cues

What communication characteristics are common in Level 3 autism?

Severely limited social communication; minimal or absent spoken language; and need for intensive individualized intervention

Are autism support levels assigned separately to social communication and repetitive behaviors?

Yes; each domain receives its own severity specifier

What is neurodiversity?

The perspective that neurological differences are natural variations in human development that should be accepted and accommodated

How does the social model of disability differ from the medical model?

The social model emphasizes acceptance and environmental accommodations while the medical model emphasizes diagnosis and impairment

What is identity first language in autism?

Using autistic person rather than person with autism according to individual preference

What are early social communication indicators of autism?

Limited joint attention; reduced back and forth interaction; delayed language; limited gestures; and reduced response to name

What is joint attention?

Sharing attention with another person toward an object or event

What is hand leading?

Using another person's hand or body to communicate a request rather than pointing or speaking

What are restricted repetitive behaviors?

Repetitive movements; restricted interests; inflexible routines; repetitive object use; or unusual sensory responses

What are examples of restricted repetitive behaviors?

Hand flapping; lining up toys; spinning objects; insisting on routines; and intense interests

What is echolalia?

Immediate or delayed repetition of previously heard speech

What is immediate echolalia?

Repeating another person's utterance immediately after hearing it

What is delayed echolalia?

Repeating previously heard words or phrases at a later time

Can echolalia serve a communicative function?

Yes; it may express requests; comments; protests; or conversational turns

How should clinicians respond to meaningful echolalia?

Identify its communicative function; honor the attempt; and model flexible language expansions

What is gestalt language in relation to echolalia?

An utterance learned and produced as a whole language chunk rather than constructed word by word

What is an important evidence limitation regarding gestalt language processing?

Scientific evidence supporting a distinct gestalt language development pathway remains limited

What is theory of mind?

The ability to understand and interpret another person's thoughts; feelings; knowledge; and perspectives

What are executive functions?

Cognitive processes supporting planning; organization; working memory; flexibility; and behavioral regulation

What is the approximate autism prevalence reported in Chapter 9?

1 in 36 eight year old children in the United States based on 2020 data

Does autism occur more frequently in males or females?

Males at approximately four times the rate of females

What factors are associated with the development of autism?

Genetic influences interacting with prenatal and environmental risk factors

Do childhood vaccines cause autism?

No; research does not support a causal relationship between vaccines and autism

What does the CASE model stand for when discussing vaccine concerns?

Corroborate; About me; Science; and Explain

What conditions commonly co occur with autism?

ADHD; anxiety; intellectual disability; sensory processing difficulties; and other psychiatric conditions

What is the difference between ASD and social pragmatic communication disorder?

Both involve social communication difficulties but SPCD does not include restricted repetitive behaviors

When does the AAP recommend universal autism screening?

At 18 and 24 months

What is the M CHAT R F?

A caregiver based autism screening tool for children ages 16 to 30 months

What is the Toddler Autism Symptom Inventory?

An autism screening tool designed for children ages 12 to 36 months

What is recommended after a positive autism screening?

Referral for comprehensive multidisciplinary diagnostic evaluation

Who may participate in a multidisciplinary autism assessment?

SLP; psychologist; developmental pediatrician; occupational therapist; physical therapist; and other relevant professionals

What is the ADI R?

A structured caregiver interview examining developmental history; social communication; and restricted repetitive behaviors

What is the ADOS 2?

A standardized semi structured observational assessment of social communication and autism related behaviors

Can the ADOS 2 alone establish an autism diagnosis?

No; diagnosis requires comprehensive evaluation and clinical judgment

What is a communication temptation?

Arranging an activity or environment to create a natural reason for the child to communicate

What is progress monitoring in autism intervention?

Repeatedly collecting data on communication behaviors and the support needed to demonstrate targeted skills

What is applied behavior analysis?

An intervention approach using behavioral science principles to teach skills and modify behavior

What are core behaviorist principles used in autism intervention?

Stimulus response reinforcement; prompting; fading; shaping; chaining; and modeling

What is discrete trial training?

A structured adult led teaching approach using a stimulus; child response; and reinforcement

What is reinforcement in behavioral intervention?

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again

What is the difference between natural and tangible reinforcement?

Natural reinforcement provides a meaningful outcome of communication while tangible reinforcement provides an external material reward

What is a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention?

An approach combining behaviorist teaching strategies with developmental principles in meaningful everyday interactions

How do NDBIs differ from traditional structured ABA approaches?

NDBIs emphasize child interests; natural routines; spontaneous interactions; and meaningful reinforcement

What is enhanced milieu teaching in relation to NDBI?

A naturalistic language intervention combining behavioral strategies and social interaction principles

What are important characteristics of high quality autism interventions?

Evidence based strategies; developmental appropriateness; consistent implementation; caregiver involvement; and generalization

What is SCERTS?

A comprehensive intervention model emphasizing Social Communication; Emotional Regulation; and Transactional Support

What is transactional support in SCERTS?

Communication partner assistance and environmental modifications that support communication and emotional regulation

What are common SCERTS intervention strategies?

Follow the child's lead; offer choices; respond to communication; model language; and expand communication attempts

What is video modeling?

An intervention using recorded demonstrations of target behaviors for the child to observe and imitate

What is the difference between video self modeling and basic video modeling?

Self modeling shows the child performing the behavior while basic modeling shows another person

What are the major steps of video modeling?

Watch a target behavior; discuss or identify the skill; practice it; receive feedback; and apply it in real situations

What are social stories or social narratives?

Individualized written stories with visual supports that explain social situations and expected behaviors

Who originally developed Social Stories?

Carol Gray

What are the main components of a social story?

Introduction; descriptive information about the situation; and a conclusion with appropriate visual supports

What behaviors can social stories target?

Sharing; turn taking; social interaction; self regulation; and reducing challenging behaviors

Why is the natural environment important for autism intervention?

It provides meaningful communication opportunities in real routines and supports generalization and participation

What strategies promote learning and generalization in autism?

Naturalistic practice; modeling; prompting and fading; varied settings; caregiver coaching; and peer involvement

What are benefits of parent mediated autism intervention?

Improved language learning and generalization; reduced family stress; and increased meaningful family interaction

What is peer mediated intervention?

Using peers as communication partners to support social interaction; play; and communication skills

What are benefits and drawbacks of peer mediated intervention?

Benefits include more interactions; friendships; and generalization while challenges include peer training; consistent participation; and variable outcomes

What challenges and opportunities occur during transition to adulthood for autistic individuals?

Challenges include social communication; independence; time management; and adapting to change while opportunities include college supports; accommodations; peer mentors; and employment matched to strengths