Chapter 9

fertilization

union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new individual

gamete

reproductive cell (spermatozoon in the male and ovum in the female)

infertility

persistante inability to conceive a child

neonate

infant from birth to 28 days of age

ova

female reproductive cells

postpartum

occuring after childbirth

Gynecology

specialist concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive disorders including breasts “focuses on general reproductive health outside of pregnancy throughout a person life”

Obstetrics

concerned with pregnancy, childbirth, including the study of the physiological and pathological functions of female reproductive tract. also involves the care of mother and fetus throughout pregnancy and childbirth and immediate postpartum period. “focuses strictly on pregnancy labor delivery and postpartum care.

Urology

treating disorders of the male reproductive system

female and male reproductive both have in common

speciliaized to produce and unite gametes and transport them to sites of fertilization.

Gonads “testes”

primary sex organs of the male reproductive system. they produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

accessory glands

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

copulatory organ

the penis which contains erectile tissue

amin/o/centesis

surgical puncture of the amniotic sac

cervic/itis

inflammation of cervix uteri

colp/o/scopy

examination of vagina &cervix with optimal magnifying instrument

vagin/o/cele

herniation into vagina; also called colpocele

galacto/rrhea

discharge/ flow of milk

lact/o/gen

substance that stimulates to formation of milk

gynec/o/logist

physician who specializes in treating disorders of female reproductive system

hyster/ectomy

excision in the uterus

uter/o/vagin/al

pertaining to the uterus and vagina

mamm/o/gram

radiography of brest

mast/o/pexy

surgical fixation of breast

men/o/rrhagia

bursting forth of menses, heavy menstrual bleeding

endo/metr/itis

inflammation of the endometrium

pre/nat/al

pertaining to the period before birth

oophor/oma

oviarian tumor

ovari/o/tomy

incision of an ovary

perine/o/rrhaphy

suture of the perinu

salping/ectomy

excision of the fallopian tube

vulv/o/pathy

disease of the vulva

episi/o/tomy

incision of the perineum, which is performed to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery of a fetus

andr/o/gen

substance producing or stimulating the development of male chacteristics

balan/itis

inflammation of the glans penis

gonad/o/tropin

gonad stimulating hormone that stimulates the function of the testes and ovaries

olig/o/sperm/ia

condition of scanty sperm cells

crypt/orch/ism

condittion of hidden testicle, failure of the testicles to descend into the scrotum.

orchi/o/pexy

surgical fixation of one or both testes

orchid/ectomy

excision of one or both testes

test/algia

pain in the testicles

prostat/itis

inflammation of the prostate gland

spermat/o/cide

agent that kills spermatoza, “spermicide”

sperm/i/cide

agent that kills spermatoza, also called spermatocide

a/sperm/ia

failure to form semen or to ejaculate

varic/o/cele

dilated or enlarged vein of there spermatic cord

vas/ectomy

removal of all or part of the vas deferens

vesicul/itis

inflammation of seminal vesicle

men/arche

initial menstrual period

pseudo/cyesis

false pregnancy, condition in which a women believes she is pregnant

primi/gravida

women during their 1st pregnancy

multi/para

women who has delivered more than one viable infant

hemat/o/sapinx

blood in the fallopian tubes

dys/tocia

painful, difficult childbirth

retro/version

tipping back of an organ

spontaneous

abortion due to natural causes, unplanned loss “miscarriage”

therapeutic

abortion that is induced to end pregnancy because of women health is endangered

candidiasis

vaginal fungel infection caused by candida albicans and characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and extreme itching

cervicitis

inflammation of the uterine cervix, which usually result of infection or sexually transmitted infection

down syndrome

extra chromosomes 21

ectopic pregnancy

A condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often in a fallopian tube, leading to complications.

endometriosis

A disorder in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing pain and other complications.

fibroid

Noncancerous growths in the uterus that can cause pain or heavy bleeding. composed of largly fibrous tissue. “leiomyoma”

fistula

abnormal tunneling connecting two body cavities rectum and vagina or body cavity to skin. caused by injury, infection, or inflammation

vesicovaginal

fistula is an abnormal connection between the bladder and the vagina, often resulting in continuous leakage of urine.

gestational hypertension

potenially life threatning condition of Hp after 20th week charcterized by edema and proteinuria

preeclamsia

non convulsive form of gestational hypertension that if left untreated may progress

eclampsia

convulsive for of gestational hypertension that is a medical emergency an life threatening to mom and baby

sterility

inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse, often associated with various medical conditions affecting reproductive health. man or woman

toxic shock

rare, somtimes fatal staphylococcal infection resulting from toxin release, often linked to tampon use, surgical wounds, or skin infections. Symptoms include high fever, rash, and multi-organ failure.

anorchism

a condition of being born without one or both testicles, leading to male infertility and hormonal imbalances.

balantiis

inflammation of the glans penis, often caused by infections or poor hygiene, leading to pain, swelling, and redness.

benign prostatic hyperplasia

a common condition in older men characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland, which can lead to urinary difficulties such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and inability to completely empty the bladder. older than 60 years

crytorchidism

a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, often requiring surgical intervention.

epispadis

a rare congenital condition where the urethra opens on the top side of the penis rather than at the tip, which may require surgical correction.

hyposadias

a congenital condition where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip, often requiring surgical correction.

impotence

the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse, which can be caused by various physical or psychological factors.

phimosis

stenosiss or narrowing, a condition where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans of the penis, which may lead to pain, infection, or other complications.

sexually transmitted infections sti

are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact, which can affect both men and women and include diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

chalamydia

one of the most dangerous stis that can lead to serious reproductive health issues if left untreated, including infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease. causing cervicitis in women and urethritis in men.

genital warts

caused by hpv human papillomavirus and possibly associated with cervical cancer

gonorrhea

contagious sti caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, leading to infections of the genital tract, throat, and rectum.

herpes genitalis

a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, leading to painful sores in the genital area and possible complications during childbirth. type 2 (hsv-2). male or female may be transmitted through placenta to fetus during delivery

syphilis

infections chronic sti characterized by skin lesion typically on genital rectum or mouth may cause long term complications including death if left untreated

trichomoniasis

protozoal infection of the vagina, urethra or prostate most common sti affecting men and women although symptoms are most commmon in women

colposcopy

examination of vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument

hysterosalpingography

radiography of uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium

laparoscopy

visual examination of abdominal cavity with the laparoscope through one or more small incisons in abdominal wall at umbilicus

papanicolaou Pap test

test for cervical cancer by collecting cells from the cervix for microscopic examination swab to detect carcinoma

digital rectal examination

examination of the rectum and prostate using a gloved finger to check for abnormalities.

prostate specific antigen test

blood test used to screen for prostate cancer in which elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and cancer

transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and biopsy of the prostate

an ultrasound probe is inserted into rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland and collect multiple needle biopsy specimens of the prostate glands tissues where abnormalities are detected

cerclage

obstetric procedure in which a non-absorbable sutureis placed around the cervix to prevent premature birth or miscarriage by providing support during pregnancy. for women who has incompetent cervix. “spontaneous abortion”

dilation and curettage

surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal of the uterus (dilation) so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped (curettage) to stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding, diagnose uterine abnormalities and obtain tissue for microscopic examination

hysterosalpingooophoreectomy

surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, typically performed to treat conditions such as cancer or severe endometriosis.

lumpectomy

excision small primary brest tumor ‘lump’ surgical procedure to remove a breast tumor and a small margin of surrounding tissue, often used to treat breast cancer while preserving most of the breast.

mastectomy

surgical procedure to remove one or both breasts, typically performed as a treatment for breast cancer. malignant tumor

modified radical

mastectomy that removes entire breasts and including surrounding lymph nodes while preserving the chest muscles.

radical

mastectomy that removes both breasts and underlying chest muscles, often used in advanced cases of breast cancer.

total

mastectomy that involves the complete removal of one or both breasts, including all breast tissue and surrounding areas. nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin. simple mastectomy