History OCTH 211 Quiz 2

What does PEOP stand for?

Person–Environment–Occupation–Performance.

What does PEOP examine?

How intrinsic person factors and extrinsic environmental factors enable or constrain occupational performance, participation, and well-being.

In PEOP, which factors are intrinsic?

Personal factors such as self-concept, self-efficacy, identity, emotional well-being, and motivation.

In PEOP, which factors are extrinsic?

Factors outside the person, including the physical environment and social influences such as family or caregivers.

Why use a client's narrative in PEOP?

Their story can reveal personal enablers and barriers and help identify what motivates participation.

A client wants to cook but doubts their abilities and has an inaccessible kitchen. How would PEOP classify the barriers?

Low self-efficacy is intrinsic. The inaccessible kitchen is extrinsic.

What are MOHO's three main person components?

Volition, habituation, and performance capacity.

What is volition in MOHO?

Motivation for occupation. It includes personal causation, interests, and values.

What is personal causation?

Beliefs about one's abilities and effectiveness. Example: “I think I can do this.”

How do interests and values differ in MOHO?

Interests are what you enjoy. Values are what you find meaningful or important.

How can the environment support volition in MOHO?

Feedback and individualized incentives can encourage engagement. Repeated success or rewarding practice can help a new behavior become habitual.

What is habituation in MOHO?

The organization of occupations into patterns through habits and roles, which shape daily routines.

What is performance capacity in MOHO?

The underlying abilities that make skilled action possible. Observed task performance is what the person actually does.

What broader values does MOHO emphasize in the guide?

Interconnectedness of motivation, behavior, and performance, plus client empowerment and meaningful occupational participation.

How does occupational participation relate to well-being in MOHO?

Meaningful participation can build occupational identity and competence and support health and well-being.

A client enjoys gardening, values growing food, and believes they can learn to use adapted tools. Which MOHO component is illustrated?

Volition. Enjoyment is an interest, growing food reflects a value, and belief in one's ability reflects personal causation.

What is Occupational Adaptation (OA)?

An internal process of responding to occupational challenges and an outcome reflected in improved or renewed participation.

How are meaning, motivation, and mastery related in OA?

Meaningful occupations encourage engagement, and successfully adapting to challenges can strengthen motivation and meaning.

What are the three dimensions of relative mastery in OA?

Efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction.

What does efficiency mean in OA?

How well the person uses time and energy.

What does effectiveness mean in OA?

Whether the person achieves the desired result.

What does satisfaction mean in OA?

How satisfied the person is with their performance, including their own judgment and relevant feedback from others.

What does function look like in OA?

Responding adaptively to occupational challenges so the person can carry out life roles with greater competence and apply successful strategies to other situations.

A client invents a one-handed dressing strategy and later uses it with different clothes. Which model best fits?

Occupational Adaptation. The client develops and generalizes an adaptive response to an occupational challenge.

What are the four main elements of Ecology of Human Performance (EHP)?

Person, context, task, and performance.

What does the person bring to EHP?

Sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychosocial abilities, plus interests and experiences. Meaning and purpose can shape motivation.

What are the four types of context in EHP?

Physical, social, cultural, and temporal.

What are examples of temporal context in EHP?

Age, developmental stage, life cycle, health status, and duration.

What is a task in EHP?

An action or set of behaviors needed to reach a goal, such as preparing a meal or completing a school assignment.

How does EHP explain performance?

Performance emerges when a particular person carries out a task within a particular context.

A student completes the same assignment in a quiet library but struggles in a busy dorm. How would EHP explain this?

The physical context changed, which changed how the person could perform the task.

What are the three elements of PEO?

Person, environment, and occupation.

How does PEO describe the person?

A whole person with physical, mental, and spiritual qualities, as well as individual skills and attributes.

How do environment and occupational performance influence each other in PEO?

The environment shapes what the person does and how they do it. What the person does can also change the environment.

What is occupation in PEO?

The experience of engaging in purposeful activities or tasks within an environment.

What is the main idea of the PEO model?

Occupational performance depends on the fit among the person, their environment, and the occupation they want or need to do.

What is the core question in Ayres Sensory Integration?

How does sensory processing support or interfere with adaptive responses and participation in purposeful activity?

Mary avoids a loud, visually busy rehab gym. Which frame of reference would explore the role of noise, visual input, and body awareness?

Ayres Sensory Integration. Assess whether sensory processing contributes to avoidance and consider environmental changes to support participation.

What does the biomechanical frame of reference target?

Body capacities that limit occupation, especially range of motion, strength, and endurance.

What tools might an OT use for a biomechanical assessment?

Goniometer for ROM, dynamometer or pinch gauge for strength, repetitions to fatigue for endurance, and a visual analog scale for pain.

What drives change in the biomechanical frame of reference?

Graded exercise and activity that restore body capacity. Other examples include splinting, work tolerance training, and body mechanics training. The guide emphasizes remediation first and adaptation when progress plateaus.

A client has a sagittal band rupture. What would the biomechanical approach focus on?

Extensor tendon stability, active finger extension, edema, pain, and strength. Interventions may include orthotic support, edema management, graded movement, and grasp-and-release practice.

What is the main idea of Rood's sensorimotor approach?

Sensory input influences motor output. Use sensory input to affect tone and follow it with purposeful, repeated movement.

What is facilitation in Rood's approach?

Techniques intended to increase activation or tone in hypotonic or flaccid muscles. Course examples include fast brushing, quick icing, tapping, quick stretch, and heavy joint compression.

What is inhibition in Rood's approach?

Techniques intended to decrease excessive tone. Course examples include slow stroking or rolling, neutral warmth, prolonged stretch, and pressure at a muscle insertion.

An OT brushes a client's flaccid triceps after a stroke and then has them bear weight on that arm during a task. Which approach and therapeutic agent are illustrated?

Rood's approach. The brushing is sensory facilitation of a hypotonic muscle.

How do older and newer motor control approaches differ in emphasis, according to the guide?

Older approaches emphasize tone and movement patterns. Newer approaches emphasize task performance.

What is the core question in Allen's Cognitive Levels approach?

What can the person do safely given their current functional cognition, and what cues, assistance, or setup support performance?

Mary repeatedly loses the steps of a familiar cooking task. Which frame fits if functional cognition is the concern?

Allen's Cognitive Levels. Observe the task, assess functional cognition, and match the setup and assistance to her performance.

What other factors could explain difficulty with a cooking task in Mary's case?

Pain, weakness, fear, or an unfamiliar environment could contribute. Observe the task and examine these factors before attributing the difficulty to cognition.

What does the psychodynamic or psychoanalytic frame of reference explore?

How unconscious conflict, emotion, and personal meaning influence occupational performance. Meaningful activity and reflection can help build insight.

How would a psychodynamic lens interpret Mary's decision to keep medication in her purse?

It might reflect fear of dependence, uncertainty, or a desire to retain control after moving to assisted living. The OT would explore what access to medication means to Mary.

What does Bandura's social cognitive approach emphasize?

How models, self-efficacy, relationships, and the environment influence what people learn and do.

How do observational learning and modeling relate?

Observational learning is acquiring information or behavior by watching others. Modeling provides an example for the learner to observe and potentially imitate.

How do reinforcement and vicarious reinforcement differ?

Reinforcement involves consequences that shape your own behavior. Vicarious reinforcement happens when you see what happens to someone else and adjust your behavior.

What are Bandura's four modeling steps in order?

Attention → retention → reproduction → motivation.

What happens at each step of Bandura's modeling process?

Attention means noticing the model, retention means remembering the action, reproduction means being able to perform it, and motivation means having a reason to do it.

How could an OT use Bandura's approach when Mary's family takes over her tasks?

Offer supported opportunities for Mary to succeed and coach the family to provide help that preserves her chance to practice. Successful practice can build self-efficacy.

What does Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) emphasize in the guide?

Guided movement to address tone, posture, alignment, and movement quality so the person can participate in an occupation.

What directions of motor development does the NDT section describe?

Cephalocaudal (head to feet), proximal to distal (trunk toward the extremities), and gross to fine.

How do stability and mobility relate in NDT?

Proximal stability can give the limbs a base for controlled movement. For example, trunk control can support reaching.

What does the NDT assessment examine?

Tone and alignment at rest and in motion, postural control, and how movement patterns help or interfere with the client's goals.

What are examples of NDT intervention strategies in the guide?

Prepare for the occupation, guide movement at key points of control, build postural stability, use weight-bearing or weight shifts, and reduce hands-on assistance as the client gains control.

A toddler with cerebral palsy reaches for blocks from quadruped while the OT guides the shoulder girdle and hips. Which approach and therapeutic agent are illustrated?

NDT. The therapist's hands guide movement at key points of control to support proximal stability.

What case clue helps distinguish Rood from NDT?

Rood uses specific sensory input, such as brushing, to influence motor output. NDT uses hands-on guidance at key points of control to shape posture and movement.

What is the cognitive behavioral frame of reference used for in OT?

Identifying how thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns affect participation and using self-regulation strategies to support change.

Mary thinks “I'll fall again” and avoids a meaningful activity. How could the OT apply a cognitive behavioral lens?

Explore the evidence for the thought, how it affects her emotions and actions, and support a manageable step back into the activity.

How do cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic approaches differ in Mary's case?

Cognitive behavioral reasoning examines how current thoughts and feelings influence avoidance. Psychodynamic reasoning explores the underlying meaning of her behavior and what it may represent.

How does the Wellness Model define wellness?

An active process of becoming aware of choices and making decisions that support health and quality of life.

What are the eight dimensions of wellness?

Emotional, environmental, financial, intellectual, occupational, physical, social, and spiritual.

How does OT promote wellness?

Support meaningful activity and agency, adapt contexts, and promote prevention, healthy routines, mental health, access, and participation.

What are two examples of OT health promotion programs?

Community fall prevention for older adults and workplace injury prevention or wellness programs.

In Mary's assisted living case, what are examples of emotional and environmental wellness concerns?

Emotional: fear of delayed pain medication and anxiety about the move. Environmental: the new medication system, staff routines, communication, and living space.

In Mary's case, what are examples of financial and intellectual wellness concerns?

Financial: costs, coverage, and access to resources. Intellectual: understanding the medication routine, recalling steps, and using judgment.

In Mary's case, what are examples of occupational and physical wellness concerns?

Occupational: safe medication management, meaningful activities, and a predictable routine. Physical: pain, injury, sleep, fatigue, and medication effects.

In Mary's case, what are examples of social and spiritual wellness concerns?

Social: relationships with family, staff, and friends. Spiritual: dignity, identity, autonomy, and access to meaningful practices such as church.