Industrial Revolutions (World History Advanced)

Vocabulary practice flashcards based on Unit 4.1: Industrial Revolutions, covering key concepts, innovations, factors of production, and industrial organization from the First and Second Industrial Revolutions.

Industrial Revolution

A period of massive economic change and innovation that began in the mid-1700s, developed as an outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution, and resulted in industrialization and the growth of cities.

Four Factors of Production

The key resources readily available in Britain that supported industrial growth: Natural Resources (coal supply and colonies), Labor (from the agricultural revolution), Capital (money used to invest), and Entrepreneurship.

Capital

Money used to invest in businesses, designated as one of the four essential factors of production.

Agricultural Revolution

A movement led by the Dutch and British that improved the quality and quantity of farm produce, increased farm production, led to rapid population growth, and caused a decrease in agricultural labor and jobs.

Levees

Structures utilized during the Agricultural Revolution to reclaim lost farmland.

Enclosure

The process of taking and consolidating land, which contributed to increased farm production and displaced agricultural workers.

Coal

The most important energy source of the First Industrial Revolution, used to fuel steam engines and smelting in iron production.

James Watt

The inventor credited with inventing the steam engine during the Energy Revolution.

Smelting

The process of melting iron ore to produce pure metal, which was fueled by coal during the First Industrial Revolution.

Cottage Industry

A slow textile production system where individuals received raw goods and manufactured finished products in their own homes.

Turnpikes

Privately owned roads that required travelers to pay tolls, developed to provide faster and cheaper transportation.

First Major Railway

The commercial rail line connecting Manchester to Liverpool, developed to meet the growing need for faster and cheaper transportation of goods.

Second Industrial Revolution

A later phase of industrialization characterized by a quickened pace of change, new science and technology, electricity replacing steam and coal, and new forms of business organization.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical machine-made components that simplified the assembly and repair of manufactured products.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing innovation emerging in the 1900s where each worker focuses on one specific task as products move past.

Division of Labor

The separation of a production process into distinct individual tasks, which combined with interchangeable parts and assembly lines to yield more efficient production and lower the cost of factory goods.

Bessemer Process

An industrial manufacturing method that enabled the cheap, mass production of steel.

Big Business

An establishment run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods or services on a large scale.

Stock

Shares in a company sold to investors to raise capital for enterprise operations.

Corporation

A large business establishment owned by many investors who purchase shares of stock.