large animal p2 lec

Laparotomy is described as

A major open surgical procedure involving an incision through the abdominal wall.

During laparotomy, which structures do you encounter in order

Skin - External abdominal oblique muscle - Internal abdominal oblique muscle - Transversus abdominis - Peritoneum

In cattle, laparotomy is most often performed through which approach?

flank incision

Flank laparotomy in cattle is typically performed with the animal:

standing

Where is the skin incision for a typical flank laparotomy centered?

paralumbar fossa

Which approach best provides access to the rumen, reticulum, spleen, diaphragm, and  kidney?

Left-paralumbar fossa celiotomy

In a left-paralumbar fossa celiotomy, the standard method uses what type of incision?

Through-and-through incision

What precaution is specifically taken when incising the transversalis fascia and peritoneum?

Avoid damaging the underlying viscera

How many layers are typically used to close a left-paralumbar fossa celiotomy?*

3 or 4

Which approach provides access to the pyloric part of the abomasum and the majority of the small and large intestines.

right-paralumbar fossa celiotomy

Why are left and right laparotomies in cattle performed differently?

The cow's abdominal organs are asymmetrically positioned

Right-paramedian celiotomy is primarily used for correction of which condition?

Abomasal displacement

How should the cow be positioned for a right-paramedian celiotomy?

Dorsal recumbency

Which approach is most useful for accessing the uterus for hysterotomy in a case of an emphysematous fetus?

Ventrolateral celiotomy

This approach provides access to the abdomen through the low flank. 

Right paracostal approach

What does the right paracostal approach provide access to?

The abdomen through the low flank

Which approach is recommended for cows requiring cesarean section and has an incision that angles forward toward the costochondral junction?

Left oblique celiotomy

in cattle that have very large and branching subcutaneous abdominal veins the surgeon can avoid them by using this approach. 

Ventral midline celiotomy

What is among is an indication for rumenotomy?

To remove abnormal ruminal contents or foreign bodies when indicated

Which anesthetic techniques are listed for rumenotomy?

Line block, inverted L block, or paravertebral block

Where is the laparotomy performed for a rumenotomy?

upper left flank

Which of the following indicates performing rumenotomy?

aota

During rumenotomy, why is the rumen anchored to the incision?

To prevent contamination of the abdominal musculature and peritoneum

Which apparatus can be used to anchor the rumen to the skin before rumenotomy to avoid contamination of the abdominal musculature

Weingart's apparatus

After the rumen is opened during rumenotomy, what should be done?

Explore the rumen and reticulum and remove any foreign body present

What is a rumenostomy

Creation of a semi-permanent or permanent opening directly into the rumen

Which condition is listed as an indication for rumenostomy?*

chronic bloa

What is one purpose of a permanent rumenostomy

To allow direct treatment and sampling of the rumen

During permanent rumenostomy, approximately how large is the circular piece of skin that is excised?

3 inches iameter

How is the rumen secured to the skin during permanent rumenostomy

Interrupted horizontal mattress pattern

The following are causes of bloat, except

Continuous eructation

What is the purpose of applying petroleum jelly to the skin ventral to the rumenostomy?

To lessen skin scalding from leakage of ingesta

Abomasopexy is used for correction of:

Left-displaced abomasum

Right abomasal displacement always begins with which process

Flexio

This happens when the abomasum turns about an axis perpendicular to its greater curvature.

Rotation

After right flank laparotomy for abomasal displacement, what should be done first?

Explore the abdomen to determine the type of displacement and detect complications

What part is incorporated into the first layer of abdominal wall closure to help prevent recurrence of displacement?

A fold of the greater omentum

 In pigs, inguinal hernias are frequently discovered:

At the time of castration

Why is an ordinary castration procedure risky in piglets with an inguinal hernia?

It can result in frequent evisceration

Which of the following follows the clinical signs for atresia ani in pigs

aotaa

Which type of atresia ani involves atresia of both the anus and rectum

type iii

Which type of atresia ani wherein the rectum ends blindly near the anus; no normal anal opening is present

type ii

Which type of atresia ani wherein the rectum is normally developed, but the anal opening is closed by a membrane?

type i

Type of atresia ani where there's an absent anal opening with an abnormal communication between rectum and genital tract.

type 4

In rectal prolapse, which condition involves the full thickness of the rectal wall?

complete prolapse

Rectal prolapse which involves only the mucosa of the rectal wall

incomplete prolapse

Before amputation of a rectal prolapse, what is done to ensure that an intussusception is not present?

A probe is passed between the prolapse and the anal ring

In correction of rectal prolapse, manual reposition and suture retention of the prolapse can be carried out. What suture pattern is performed?

Purse string

 

In correction of rectal prolapse, the outer and inner layers of the resected end of the rectum are sutured together. What suture pattern is performed?

SIS

Anesthetic procedure used to perform rectal prolapse correction.

epidural

For surgical correction of a teat fistula, when is it preferable to operate on a cow?*

1/1

After the cow has been dried off

What is the primary reason all scar tissue is removed during surgical correction of a teat fistula?

To ensure primary intention healing

Which type of analgesia is described for teat fistula surgery?

Local ring block analgesia at the base of the teat

Why are the sutures for a repaired teat fistula tied loosely?

To prevent wound edge necrosis from postoperative swelling

A congenital teat fistula is associated with what underlying condition?

A supernumerary mammary gland

Surgical correction of a congenital teat fistula is possible only when the lactiferous sinus of the supernumerary gland is situated where?

Close to the teat sinus

What is the typical clinical finding in a basal teat obstruction?

The affected quarter is under considerable tension and milk flow is absent

When milk flow is present in a basal teat obstruction, what instrument is described for opening the obstructing membrane?

Hug's teat knife

After surgical treatment of a basal teat obstruction, for approximately how long is it recommended that the quarter not be milked completely?

About 10 days

What is an indication for teat amputation?

Irreversible teat damage caused by severe trauma

Before teat amputation, what should be done if mastitis is present in the corresponding quarter?

t must be treated before surgery

What type of stump is created when the teat wall is transected during teat amputation?

A fish mouth–like teat stump

Severe life-threatening mastitis requiring mammary gland amputation is often seen in which animals according to the lecture?

Sheep and goats

Which vessels are described as requiring double ligation during mammary gland amputation because of numerous anastomoses?

The major mammary blood vessels

What type of anesthesia is described for mammary gland amputation?

*

anterior epidural analgesia or general anesthesia

Which condition is an indication for digital amputation in cattle?

Purulent necrotic inflammation of the distal or proximal interphalangeal joint

During digit amputation, where is the rubber tourniquet applied?

In the mid-metatarsal or metacarpal region

During digit amputation, in what direction is the embryotomy wire directed?

Toward a point 2–3 cm proximal to the abaxial aspect of the coronet

After digital flexor tendon and synovial sheath resection, what happens to the distal portion of the wound?

It remains open for drainage

After resection of the digital flexor tendons and synovial sheath, for approximately how long are the toes wired together

about 6 wks

What is the primary indication for vasectomy in bulls or rams?

Production of heat-detector animals

What is the primary purpose of a teaser animal?

To detect females in heat

Which structure is palpated as a firm, non-pulsating, cord-like structure during vasectomy?

Ductus deferens

Following vasectomy, which structure does NOT necessarily need to be sutured?

Vaginal tunic

Epididymectomy may be performed as a main or supplementary method for producing:

Teaser animals

During epididymectomy, which portion of the epididymis is carefully separated from the testes by blunt dissection?

tail

Why must care be taken when separating the epididymis from the testis?

The testis will bleed profusely if incised

How long before intended use as a teaser should epididymectomy be performed?

At least 30 days

The open technique of castration in pigs is contraindicated in cases of

Inguinal or scrotal hernia

In the open castration technique in pigs, what happens to the vaginal cavity?

It is left open

Which method can be used to prevent spermatic cord hemorrhage during pig castration?

Ligation or crushing with an emasculator

When using an emasculator on the spermatic cord, it should be ideally held in position for approximately:

10–15 seconds

Goat castration is generally indicated to reduce

Odor originating from the horn glands

Goats should generally be castrated at what age in order to reduce occurrence of urinary obstruction due to urinary calculi?

After 6 months of age

In the closed technique of goat castration, the vaginal cavity is:

Not opened

During open castration, the order of the incision is as follows

scrotal skin - tunica dartos - vaginal tunic - testicular tissue

This is a thin layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue located directly beneath the skin of the scrotum.

Tunica dartos

Preputial amputation is indicated in selected cases of preputial prolapse accompanied by:

Fibrosis and ulceration

The initiating factor in preputial damage is almost always from?

Breeding injury

The term "Circumcision” primarily refers to

Amputation of the prepuce while the penis remains within the preputial cavity

The term "Reefing” primarily refers to: \

Resection of the prepuce with the penis extended with traction on the free portion of the glans penis

What is the purpose of relocating the preputial orifice laterally in a teaser bull?

To allow penile extension without

intromission

The relocated preputial orifice should be

positioned:

Lateral to the flank fold

Why is vasectomy or epididymectomy sometimes

performed at the same time as preputial

relocation?

Some bulls may still learn to achieve

intromission

After preputial relocation, petroleum jelly is applied

around the new preputial orifice primarily to

prevent:

Urine scald

The following procedure can be performed to

create teaser bulls, except:

Castration

Which of the following is listed as an approach for

caesarean section in cattle, except:

Perineal

Which suture pattern is used to close the uterus

during bovine caesarean section?

Modified Cushing Utrecht method

The Bühner suture is primarily used to:

Retain vaginal or uterine prolapse in the

cow

What is the purpose of cervicopexy/vaginopexy?

To prevent recurrent cervicovaginal

prolapse