Chapter 7: The Jeffersonian Era

Flashcards covering key cultural developments, political events, technological advancements, territorial expansion, and the War of 1812 from Chapter 7: The Jeffersonian Era.

Regarding education, what did early-nineteenth-century Republicans favor?

A nationwide system of free public schools for all male citizens.

Who was largely responsible for school education in the early nineteenth century?

Private institutions.

What positions did the writer Judith Sargent Murray argue regarding women?

She argued that women should have the same educational opportunities as men, were equal to men in intellect and potential, should have a role in society apart from their husbands, and should have opportunities to earn their own livings.

What did Thomas Jefferson believe regarding American Indians and white culture?

He believed they were primitive people who might become civilized through exposure to white culture.

What trend occurred in higher education in the United States around 1800?

The number of colleges and universities grew substantially.

Where was the first American medical school established?

The University of Pennsylvania.

How did most doctors receive their training in the early nineteenth century?

By working with an established physician.

What was a result of the expansion of the medical profession during the early nineteenth century?

A decline in midwives.

According to Noah Webster, how should every American schoolboy be educated?

As a nationalist.

For what characters' works is the writer Washington Irving best remembered?

Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle.

What did the religious concept of deism argue regarding God?

It argued for a remote God that had withdrawn from human affairs.

What two developments resulted from religious skepticism in early nineteenth-century America?

Both the philosophy of "unitarianism" and a wave of revivalism.

How did the Second Great Awakening begin?

As an effort by church establishments to revitalize their organizations.

Which denomination was NOT spread by the Second Great Awakening?

Unitarians.

What type of religious practice did the message of the Second Great Awakening call for?

An active and fervent piety.

What societal impact did the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening have regarding race?

It encouraged racial unrest.

What did the Indian revivalist Handsome Lake call for during the Second Great Awakening?

The restoration of traditional Indian culture.

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney.

What effect did the invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century have on New England?

It had a profound effect on the textile industry in New England.

What manufacturing concept made Eli Whitney a major figure in American technology?

The concept of interchangeable parts.

What contribution did Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston make in the early nineteenth century?

They made significant advances in steam-powered navigation.

Why is the early nineteenth century in America known as the "turnpike era"?

Because many roads were built for profit by private companies.

What did population data of the United States in 1800 reveal about the nation's lifestyle?

The nation remained overwhelmingly agrarian.

How was horse racing bounded in the United States during the early nineteenth century?

It was bound by lines of race and class.

Who was the chief designer of the capital city of Washington?

Pierre L'Enfant.

How was Washington, D.C., described in 1800?

It was little more than a simple village.

How did many members of Congress view state legislatures in the early nineteenth century?

They considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies.

What public image did Thomas Jefferson seek to convey as president?

A plain, ordinary citizen.

Which institution did President Thomas Jefferson help establish during his first term?

A military academy at West Point.

What action did President Thomas Jefferson take regarding taxation during his first term?

He eliminated all internal taxes.

What was ruled by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

It stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court and that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress.

Who was chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time of Marbury v. Madison?

John Marshall.

What spurred President Jefferson in 1802 to seek the building of a river fleet and hint at an alliance with Great Britain?

A new French regulation restricting the use of the port of New Orleans by American ships.

What was true of the land boundaries under the treaty terms for the Louisiana Purchase?

The land boundaries were not clearly defined.

Why did Napoleon decide to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States?

In part because the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease.

What concern did Thomas Jefferson have upon receiving the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase?

He was unsure of his constitutional authority to accept it.

What was President Jefferson referring to when he spoke of "loose construction"?

Interpretation of the Constitution.

Who assisted the Lewis and Clark expedition as a guide?

Sacajawea.

What did the explorations of Zebulon Pike convince many Americans about the western lands?

That the land between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains was undesirable.

What did the Federalists known as the Essex Junto fear in 1804?

The westward growth of the United States.

What caused the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton?

Burr's belief that Hamilton's malevolence had cost him the New York governor's race.

During the Jefferson administration, what did the British claim the right to seize from American merchant ships?

Naturalized Americans born on British soil.

What immediate action did the United States take as a result of the Chesapeake-Leopard incident?

It prohibited its ships from leaving for foreign ports.

What effect did the Embargo of 1807 have on the United States economy?

It created a serious economic depression in the nation.

With which nations did the Non-Intercourse Act reopen American trade?

All nations except Great Britain and France.

What replaced the Non-Intercourse Act when it expired in 1810?

Macon's Bill No. 2.

What did President Thomas Jefferson's Indian policy include?

An offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and an insistence that they give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest.

How did William Henry Harrison acquire Indian lands while governor of the Indiana Territory?

He used threats and bribery.

What did Tecumseh believe was the only effective means to resist white settlers?

Indian tribal unity.

What factor partly motivated American southerners to acquire Florida?

The number of runaway slaves who escaped there.

How could Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun best be described in 1812?

War hawks.

After what event did Britain turn its full military attention to America during the War of 1812?

Napoleon's catastrophic campaign against Russia.

What was the American mindset upon entering the War of 1812?

The United States entered the war with enthusiasm and optimism.

Where did the United States achieve early military success during the War of 1812?

On the Great Lakes.

What happened to Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames during the War of 1812?

He was killed while serving as a brigadier general in the British army.

What did Andrew Jackson do at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814?

He viciously broke the resistance of the Creek.

What actions did the British take in Washington in 1814?

They seized Washington and set fire to the presidential mansion.

What did Francis Scott Key write following the British bombardment of Fort McHenry?

"The Star-Spangled Banner."

What was unusual about the timing of the Battle of New Orleans?

It took place weeks after the war had officially ended.

What political impact did the Hartford Convention have during the War of 1812?

It struck a virtual death blow to the Federalist Party.

What diplomatic effect resulted from the Treaty of Ghent?

It began an improvement in relations between England and the United States.

What did the Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817 call for?

The mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes by Britain and the United States.