62 - SAM

What is the most significant risk factor for canine mammary tumors?

Being an intact female due to prolonged hormonal exposure

Approximately what percentage of canine mammary tumors are malignant?

50%

Approximately what percentage of feline mammary tumors are malignant?

90%

What are typical features of benign mammary tumors?

Slow-growing well-circumscribed freely movable masses

What features make a mammary tumor more suspicious for malignancy?

Rapid growth firm consistency fixation to underlying tissue and possible ulceration

What is inflammatory mammary carcinoma and why is it concerning?

An aggressive invasive carcinoma with ill-defined margins and marked surrounding inflammation

Where are most canine mammary tumors located?

The caudal mammary glands especially glands 4 and 5

What lymph nodes should be evaluated when staging canine mammary tumors?

Axillary and inguinal lymph nodes depending on the location of the tumor

What staging diagnostics are recommended for canine mammary tumors?

Minimum database thoracic radiographs and abdominal ultrasound with lymph node aspirates when indicated

What are important differentials for diffuse pulmonary nodules or interstitial patterns in a dog with mammary tumors?

Metastatic disease and infectious disease such as fungal disease

What is the primary treatment for localized canine mammary tumors?

Surgical excision with clean margins using the simplest appropriate procedure

How does surgical treatment of feline mammary tumors differ from dogs?

Radical mastectomy is recommended because approximately 90% of feline mammary tumors are malignant

What are important negative prognostic factors for mammary tumors?

Large tumor size metastatic disease poor histologic differentiation incomplete margins and ulceration

What is the most important prognostic factor for feline mammary tumors according to the lecture?

Tumor size with tumors 3 cm or larger associated with median survival of 6 months or less

What is the most common skin cancer in dogs and how can it appear clinically?

Mast cell tumor which can look like almost any type of skin mass and vary in size growth rate and appearance

What mutation is found in approximately 30 to 50% of canine mast cell tumors and what does it do?

A c-kit mutation that promotes tumor cell proliferation and invasion

How are mast cell tumors commonly diagnosed and what does cytology tell you?

Fine needle aspirate cytology identifies neoplastic mast cells and granulation may help estimate grade

What does a poorly granulated population of atypical mast cells suggest?

A higher-grade mast cell tumor although definitive grading requires histopathology

What staging is recommended for canine mast cell tumors?

Minimum database mass and draining lymph node aspirates with abdominal ultrasound for high-grade tumors and thoracic radiographs when indicated

When are surgery radiation and chemotherapy used for canine mast cell tumors?

Surgery is first-line for resectable localized tumors radiation helps with incomplete margins or palliation and chemotherapy treats or helps prevent metastatic disease or treats unresectable tumors