Bio quest 1a biology of life

What are the 8 characteristics of life

1. Made up of cells

2. Obtain and use materials/energy

3. Respond to stimuli within the enviorment

4. Maintain a stable internal enviorment (homeostatis)

5. Growth and development

6. Ability to reproduce

7. Universal genetic code

8. All living things evolve (over generations)

What is a cell?

A cell is a basic unit of structure & function of all living things

The cell is the ____ unit considered alive

smallest

Unicellular definition

when life exists as one cell

What are the two kingdoms of life that are unicellular?

1. Bacteria

2. Protists (amoeba)

What are the 4 kingdoms of life that are multicellular

1. Humans

2. Animals

3. Plants

4. fungi

A stem cell is a cell that….

hasn’t been designated with a task or job yet

True or false: a stem cell can only be bacertia cells

false.

-stem cells have the potential to be any type of cell

When do stem cells go though specialization

When it is tissue

What is the process of differentiation

Programing stem cells to perform specific jobs from tissue

What is tissue

A group of cells

Cells can be divided into two different groups. They are…

Prokryotic and Eukaryotic

What are prokaryotic cells

“first cell”

-Cells that lack a nucleus

Pro: first or before

What are eukaryotic cells

“true cell”

-cells that contain a nucleus

Eu=true

Bacertia is a ___ type of cell

prokaryotic

Animal cells, protists, Fungi, plants cells are examples of….

Eukaryotic cells

What are materials from enviorment also known as?

Nutrients

What is metabolism?

The sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism

True or false: Eukaryotic cells can only be mulitcellular

False. They can be unicellular or multicelluar

True or false: Eukaryotic cells contain nucleuses and organelles

True

During differentiation what is turned off?

All unnecesary genes in the stem cells are turned off

What are the mechanisms for obtaining energy?

1. Autotroph

   1. Chemoautotroph

   2. Photoautotroph

2. Heterotroph

What is an autotroph

An organism that makes their own food instead of getting it from other organisms

-Synthesizes own food

What is photosynthesis

The process of using light to obtain energy.

-Converting solar energy into chemical energy (sugars)

What is an photoautotroph

an organism that obtains energy from light

-they obtain their energy through photosynthesis

What are the two main types of autotrophs

1. Photoautotroph

2. Chemoautotroph

Autotrophs use CO₂ as their carbon source to make their own food

What is chemoautotroph

When an orgainsm makes their own food from chemical reactions

-Synthesizes chemicals to produce energy

What is an heterotroph

An organsim that gets its food from an outside source

What is cellular respiration

It is how we obtain energy from the food we eat

What is the process of cellular respiration

All living things break down the chemicals of food to release the energy needed for cellular work

What is the way that we use energy?

Cellular respiration

What is adenosine tri-phosphate

The chemical that stores away energy available for biological process

What gets produced from cellular respiration

ATP

In cellular respiration energy is used as….

currency

What is stimulus

A signal that an organism responds to

ex. visual or sensory

Organisms ____ and ____ to enviormental stimuli

detect and respond

What is the flight or fight response

The body’s rapid response to a stressor that prepares it to fight or escape while helping maintain homeostasis

What is a stressor in biology

Something that threatens or disrupts the body’s internal enviorment

What is a negative feedback loo[

A change in the body causes a response where the response disables/reduces what the cause was

Do negative feedback loops or positive feedback loops help maintain homeostasis?

Negative feedback loops

Negative—> counteracts

What is a positive feedback loop

When a change in the body causes a response that strengthens the change

-Cause, then effect, then effect brings the cause back and strengthens it

Do positive feedback loops move us closer or farther from homeostasis

Farther

-positive—> promotes

What is homestasis

Your natural state

-Stable internal enviorment in spite of unstable external enviorment

What is growth biologically defined as

An increase in the number of cells

-As you get older and grow, your cells are copied

Cellular respiration makes what available?

Energy

What is development defined as biologically

An increase in the functionality of cells

Genetic information stored in the DNA is copied and passed to offspring is known as what?

The universal genetic code

What is central dogma?

All living things read the same genetic code the same way

-Since there is a universal genetic code, the code for amino acids in humans can be read the same way in other organisms

What are the two types of reproduction?

1. Asexual reproduction

2. Sexual reproduction

What is produced in asexual reproduction? Why?

A clone

-Because there is only one organism as the parent, so the off spring will be genetically identical

What is evolution

Changes in genetic characteristics over generations

What happens in sexual reproduction

Cells from 2 parents unite to form a new organism

Sexual reproduction creates…

genetic diversity

What is genetic change in evolution also known as?

Mutations

How do genetic mutations/characteristics last a long time from multiple generations (usually)

Passed down to the next generation through reproduction

What do genetic changes improve

Survivability and fitness

Evolution imacts what?

the population

What are the 6 kingdoms of life

• Archae

• Animal

• Eubacteria

• Protista

• Plant

  • Fungi

What is nutrition

How all living things must obtain materials & energy

What is nutrients

A substance from the enviorment

-Provides nourishment that is essential for growth and maintanence of life

What are the two metabolic strategies that life obtains nutrients?

• Autotrophs

• Heterotrophs

What two things do autotrophs use to synthesize nutrients?

Small chemicals in enviorment + energy source (sun)

What are the main nutrients for autotrophs?

Simple sugars like glucose

True or false: Heterotroph’s nutrients dont need to be synthesized beforehand

False!

-Nutrients must already by synthesized

What is ingestion

Internalizing those nutrients

What is digestion?

The mechanical + chemical proccess that break down complex food molecules into simple nutrients which can be utilized

In digestion, complex food is broken down into….

simple nutrients

ex. bread —> glucose

Why do autotrophs not need to digest

Because their food is already in the simplest form

True or false: both autotrophs and heterotrophs need to digest

False! Autotrophs food is already in its simplest form

What is cellular respiration

Chemical process where cells convert sugar into energy (the energy is ATP)

What does trophic mean

Energy

What does the trophic transfer pyramid show

The flow of nutrients/energy through levels of an ecosystem

What is the primary producer level in the trophic transfer pyramid and who is in it

Producers

• Algae

• Cyanobacteria

What is the primary consumer level in the trophic transfer pyramid and who is in it

Herbivores

• snails

• urchins

What is the secondary consumer level in the trophic transfer pyramid and who is in it

Carnivores

• Most fish

• Seastars

What is the tertiary level in the trophic transfer pyramid and who is in it

Secondary carnivores

• Rays,

• Octopi

What is the top predators in the trophic transfer pyramid and who is in it

Apex predators

• Tiger shark

• Moray eel

In the trophic transfer period, energy ____ through an ___

flows; ecosystem

Why is the trophic transfer pyramid a pyramid

Because each time we move up a trophic level, we lose energy by 10%

In a trophic transfer pyramid, there is more or less energy available at the top?

Less energy

What is detrivore

An animal that eats dead things

Ex: worm/maggots

What does reproduction start as and then what happens

It starts as one cell, the MITOSIS happens

What is mitosis

The stage in reproduction where cells are split and then doubled

When something is unicellular, can it perform multiple functions?

No. One cell, one function

What is ATP

A chemical that stores energy available for biological processes

What is appoctosus

The self destruct defense that every cell has

Explain survival of the fittest

-There is variations in traits between the species

-There is competition for resources

-Different variations have different advantages (fittest)

• Intelligence is the fittest thing

-Individuals who are more fit—> survive longer—→reproduce more (more likely to pass down the trait)

What are the 9 ways living things maintain life

1. Nutrition

2. Transport

3. Cellular respiration

4. Synthesis

5. Growth

6. Excretion

7. Regulation

8. Reproduction

9. Metabolism

In the trophic transfer pyramid who are the heterotophs and who are the autotrophs

Autotrophs:

• Producers

Heterotrophs:

• Herbivores

• Carnivores

• Secondary carnivores

• apex predators

What is transport

The process where substances (nutrients and waste) enter and leave cells and are distributed through organisms

• Nutrients are carried from one location to another

What is the circulatory system

The thing that carries nutrients and oxygen to all of the cells

-Transporting across the cell membrane (diffusion)

Do nutrients contain energy in a form thats compatible with life?

No, they need to be converted into a form that is compatible (ATP—→ universal)

Cellular respiration occurs with the ____ of each cell

mitochondria

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anarobic respiration

Aerobic: respiration that requires oxygen

Anarobic: respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen (uses stored energy)

Where does nutrients get converted into ATP

In the mitochondria

No matter what organism it is (humans, spongex, ect) they all use the same ____

DNA

What is synthesis?

• Using the energy from cellular respiration to make other compounds that are necesary for life

How do we do synthesis

-By combining simple substances chemically to form a more complex substances

What is growth

-The process where living organisms increase in size by increasing the number of cells

In growth, what is synthesized

New cells from:

• protein

• Carbs

• Vitamins

• Minerals