ANSC 212

What is the transverse plane

Horizontal plane, divides body into cranial & caudal

What is the midsagittal plane?

divides the body into equal left and right halves

What is the frontal plane?

divides body into ventral and dorsal

What do all (most) cells contain?

Nucleus and cytoplasm

What is the one cell that is an exception to having nucleus/cytoplasm (in mammals)

RBCs

Which class of animals does NOT have a nucleus in their RBCs?

Mammals

What does the nucleus contain?

Genes and chromosomes

What are the 8 tissue types?

Epithelial, adipose, muscle, nervous, blood, cartilage, bone, connective

What are the 11 body systems?

1. Integumentary

2. Circulatory

3. Respiratory

4. Digestive

5. Urinary

6. Muscular

7. Skeletal

8. Nervous

9. Endocrine

10. Reproductive

11. Lymphatic

What are some external body parts?

Skin, pelage, hooves, claws, horns, comb or wattles

What is pelage?

Wool, fur/hair, feathers of mammals

What are the three functions of the skin?

protection (barrier), regulation (sweat glands), and sensation (nerves)

What are the two types of glands in skin?

sebaceous and sweat

What are sebaceous glands for?

Oily substances, lubricate skin, protection, impervious to moisture

What's an example of sebaceous glands secretions in sheep

Lanolin

What are the three skin layer?

Epidermis, dermis, subq

What is the process of shedding feathers called?

molting

What are the seven categories of feathers?

Wing, tail, down, contour, semiplume, bristle, filoplume

What is the function of wing feathers

Flight

What is the function of tail feathers

Flight & precision steering

What is the function of down feathers

Insulation and warmth

What is the function of contour feathers

provide shape, contour; coloring; protection

What is the function of semiplume feathers

Extra insulation & body temperature

What is the function of filoplume feathers

sensory

What is the function of bristle feathers

Sensory functions around face

What are cloven hooves?

Hooves that are split or divided

What animals have cloven hooves

Cows, pigs, sheep, goats

Which animals do not have cloven hooves

Horses & camels

What is the purpose of claws and hooves?

Primarily used for defence but may also play a role in temperature regulation

What are the characteristics of antlers?

Only on males, typically branched, grown and shed every year, made of bone covered by velvet, part of the animals skull

What animals have antlers

Reindeer, deer, moose, elk, caribou

What are the characteristics of horns?

Male or female, not branched, never shed, grow continuously, bony center covered by keratin, attached to skull w/connective tissue

What are combs and wattles for?

Primarily in poultry and decorative to attract females

What makes the avian skeletal system well-adapted for flight?

Pneumatic bones

What are some features that support flight in the avian skeletal system

Tibiotarsus, synsacrum, pygostyle, ischium, ilium, tarsometatarsus

Tibiotarsus

fused tibia and fibula bone of bird

synsacrum

Fusion of the pelvic girdle and vertebral column

Pygostyle

the fused terminal vertebrae of the spine, supports the tail feathers

Ischium

Ilium, ischium, and pubis fused together to form single bone for leg attachment

Ilium

Large flat back bone fused mainly to the synsacrum

Tarsometatarsus

Fusion of anterior of tarsus and the metatarsus

What are some function of the skeletal system?

Form and support, locomotion, protection, produce rbcs, store minerals

What are the three major cell types of bones

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

What is the outer layer of bones composed of?

Tricalcium phosphates, collagen, chondroitin sulfate

What is the inner layer of bones composed of?

Bone marrow

What are the two types of bone marrow and what are they responsible for

Yellow ( predominantly fat) and red (blood cell and platelet formation)

When forming a diet for livestock, what should it contain adequate levels of?

Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin d

What are some common sources of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin d

Limestone, dicalcium phosphate, alfalfa

In cattle, what are prepartum diets designed for

Increase Ca absorption, minimize Ca excretion, increase bone mobilization

What makes up the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

What are the main features of the cervical vertebrae

Small spinal and transverse processes, articular process

How many cervical vertebrae do chickens have

14

How many cervical vertebrae do ducks have

17

How many cervical vertebrae do pigeons have

12

What is the first cervical vertebrae

atlas

What is the second cervical vertebrae

axis

In which species do the dens NOT end with a button like enlargement

Chickens

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

7-18

In cows how many thoracic vertebrae are there

13 or 14

In chickens how many thoracic vertebrae are there

7

In ducks and geese how many thoracic vertebrae are there

9

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5-6

What is the lumbosacrale in chickens composed of and its purpose

composed of 4 thoracic, 3 lumbar, 2 sacral, and 5 caudal vertebrae. Its purpose is to aid in flight and locomotion of this part of the body

How many vertebrae in sacral

4-5

In cows how many coccygeal vertebrae are there

18-20

In horses how many coccygeal vertebrae are there

15-25

In dogs how many coccygeal vertebrae are there

20-23

In chickens how many coccygeal vertebrae are there

5-6

In ducks and geese how many ribs are there

9 pairs

In chicken, turkey, quail, pigeons how many ribs are there

7 pairs

Where is the point of attachment for the major flight muscles

Sternum w/ enlarged keel

What bones make up the pectoral limbs

Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

What bones make up the pelvic limbs

Pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

What is the pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

Perissodactyl

Hooved animals weight bearing on odd # of toes (1 or 3)

Artiodactyl

Hooved animals weight bearing on even # of toes (2 or 4)

Examples of Perrisodactyl

Horse, donkey, zebra

examples of Artiodactyl

Cows, sheep, pigs

function of pectoral girdle

Braces bones of forelimb against axial skeleton

What makes up the pectoral girdle

Scapula, clavicle, coracoid

What do the left and right clavicles grow together to form

Furcula

Is the femur long or short in birds

Short and sometimespneumatized

Is tibia longer or shorter than femur and fibula in birds

Longer