Motor Development Midterm

Serious attempts at the study of motor development first occurred from a maturational perspective led by ____ and ____. 

Arnold Gesell and Myrtle McGraw

The longitudinal method of studying development is what? 

studies the same individuals over an extended period of time to observe changes in development as they age

The cross-sectional method of studying age related change is what? 

studies different age groups at the same point in time to compare age-related changes in development

What is not a determinant of biological age?

emotional age (morphological, skeletal, dental, and sexual are)

What are the three domains of human behavior? 

cognitive, affective, and psychomotor

The most basic form of movement which the infant must bring under control is what? 

reflexes (reflexive movements)

What are some symptoms of hyponatremia? 

headache, nausea/vomiting, muscle weakness, cramps, fatigue, confusion, dizziness, seizures

Erik Erikson’s stage of Trust vs. Mistrust is what? 

The infant learns to trust mother, oneself, and the environment through the mothers perception of the infants needs and demands. Basically whether the infant can trust in their mother to meet basic needs or if there is a failure of the mother to respond

Piaget gained insight into the development of cognitive structures through careful observation of what? 

his kids

Piaget identified phases of cognitive development, which is not one of them? 

post operational, post formal, adaptational (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational are)

Piaget’s theory is generally considered to be what kind of theory? 

cognitive

By developing a sense of autonomy during toddlerhood, we are referring to what? 

a child's growing ability to do things independently, make simple choices, and gain personal control over their body and actions

What is a teratogen? 

environmental factor that causes harm to the embryo or fetus in the embryonic phase

Prenatal malnutrition may take all the following forms except? 

uterine malnutrition (maternal, placental, and fetal are ones)

On average, how much should maternal weight gain be during pregnancy? 

20-30 lbs (25-35)

Of the following, which is not a reason for maternal malnourishment? 

medical care (poor eating habits, poverty, socioeconomic status, and anxiety are)

Psychoactive drugs include of the following except... 

(tobacco) suppressants or antibiotics (depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opiates/narcotics are)

Which of the following reflexes is necessary before the infant can learn to walk? 

parachuting/propping

Primitive survival reflexes serve two main functions, including what? 

survival, nutrition, and protection 

All reflexes are what? 

involuntary

The palmar grasp reflex does what? 

lay a pen or pencil in a baby’s had and they will grasp

The Babinski reflex does what? 

stroke base of foot and toes fan out

The three layers of cells formed by the end of the first month of pregnancy are what? 

primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

The risk of congenital malformations is greatest during which period? 

embryonic

Infant birth weight is most closely associated with what? 

socioecononmic factors and nutrition

The normal term infant ranges in weight from ____ to ____. 

6-8 lbs

When babies are born their head accounts for ¼ of their body, and the ratio of trunk to lower limb length is 3-4, after birth the head growth is slow, trunk growth proceeds at a moderate rate, limb growth is faster, and growth of the hands and feet is the most rapid. What type of development is this? 

cephalocaudal

Maternal smoking during pregnancy can lead to all of the following except... 

absence of limbs, gestational diabetes, overweight babies (it does cause low birth weight, preterm delivery, SIDS, cleft lip, placental issues, miscarriage, and stillbirth)

Toxoplasmosis is ____ induced and may result in severe fetal brain damage. 

a protozoan parasite, (comes from cats in the litter box), mental retardation, convulsions, motor abnormalities, deafness or visual impairments 

The AIDS virus may be transferred from mother to child in what ways? 

through direct contact with specific bodily fluids from an infected person (blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breastmilk) sexual contact, sharing needles, perinatal transmission

Amniocentesis is a technique in which what? 

needle inserted through abdominal wall, sample of fluid from amniotic sac removed

The benefits of exercise for the mother include all of the following except... 

anything that is not reduced stress/anxiety, fewer physical discomforts, decreased risk of gestational diabetes/preclampsia, shorter and easier delivery, and easier postpartum recovery and weight management

Instructors who encourage students and provide positive reinforcement are demonstrating concern for development in which domain? 

affective

Motor development as a legitimate area of study cuts across all of the following except... 

all of the above (physiology, motor control, motor learning, biomechanics)

The three components of the transactional model of causation in motor development are what? 

individual, environment, task

Development is a process occurring from ____ to ____.  

conception to death