module 8.1

unit 5 exam

define food security

having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food

are we growing enough food to feed everyone on earth?

yes

why is food insecurity a problem for people?

insufficient funds to buy food, inadequate distribution of food, political roadblocks and corruptions that prevent food delivery, war and protracted crises that interfere with agricultures and food distribution, and discrimination that keeps food from reaching marginalized groups

what is undernourishment?

when a person does not have enough to eat

TRUE OR FALSE

worldwide, one in four children experiences stunted growth due to undernutrition

TRUE

what is malnutrition?

a state of poor health that results from a nutritional imbalance due to a lack of essential nutrients

what is the difference between undernourishment and malnutrition?

undernourishment is where the person cannot have enough food to eat where as malnutrition is more about the health and nutrition where people are lacking from

what is overnutrition?

the consumption of too many calories

is overnutrition considered as a form of non-malnutrition?

no, it is considered as a form of malnutrition

with overnutrition, what diseases increases for people?

heart disease and type 2 diabetes

define green revolution

a coordinated global effort to eliminate hunger by bringing modern agricultural technology to developing countries in Asia

what was the main motive for the green revolution?

due to the effects of rising populations in India and China, people were lacking food and food production thus trying to help bring that food production back up

what were some of the methods of the green revolution used in India and China?

chemical pesticides, sophisticated irrigation systems, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, modern farming equipment, and high-yield varieties

what is high yield verities?

are strains of staple crops selectively bred to be more productive than their natural counterparts

was the green revolution a success?

it was a success

what is industrial agriculture?

the farming methods that rely on technology, synthetic chemical inputs, and economies of scale to increase productivity and profits

what are some unintended consequences of industrial farming?

loss of soil fertility, depleted water supplies, salinization of soil, water pollution, evolution of pesticide resistance in insects, toxic chemical exposure, increased dependence on fossil fuels, reduction in small-scale farming

TRUE OR FALSE

relying on monocultures had led to dramatic increase in agricultural biodiversity

FALSE, its a reduction not an increase

what are the consequences of relying on monocultures?

crops that are more vulnerable to pesticide-resistant pests and a loss of crop resilience due to a loss of genetic diversity

without genetic diversity, what are the big threats that crops are facing due to climate change?

changing of temperatures and the length of growing seasons and destruction from unseasonable floods and droughts that are destroying crops and diminishing yields worldwide

what are some advantages of the trade-offs of industrial agriculture ?

large-scale farming, crops can be grown in water-poor areas, crops can be grown on nutrient-poor soil, monocultures are more efficient to grow and harvest

what are some disadvantages of the trade-offs of industrial agriculture?

large amounts of fossil fuels are used, soil quality is degraded, water pollution and scarcity, monocultures are more vulnerable to pests and diseases, toxic residues on food

what is food self-sufficiency?

the ability of an individual nation to grow enough food to feed it’s people

what is food sovereignty?

the ability of an individual nation to control its own food system

Why is Africa plagued by hunger?

due to the global market taking advantage of their cheap food and due to their farmable land was converted to cash crops like cotton, coffee, and cocoa and high competition

what is cash crops?

food and fiber crops grown to sell for profit rather than for use by local families or communities

what is the green revolution 2.0 (also known as Gene revolution)?

programs that focus on the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase crop productivity

what are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

organisms that has had its genetic information modified to give it desirable characteristics such as pest or drought resistance

what are the 3 types of genetically engineered organisms?

transgenic, intragenic, and cisgenic organisms

what is transgenic organisms?

an organism that contains genes from another species

what is intragenic organisms?

an organism that has its own DNA manipulated, usually by turning off a gene

what is cisgenic organism?

an organism that has genes added from a close relative

what is an example of cisgenic organism?

dairy cows having their genes which produces horns by removing that gene with a hornless gene from angus cattle

what are some concerns about GMOs?

presence of allergens or toxins in GM foods, not supported by evidence, cross-pollination can introduce GM genes into wild species