Chapter 5 Anatomy and Psychology

4 classes of Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue

2. Connective Tissue

3. Muscular Tissue

4. Nervous Tissue

6 Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

1. Cells are connected to basement membrane

2. Cells have polarity; Apical = top, Basal = bottom

3. Cells are tightly packed together

4. Supports connective tissues

5. Avascular (no blood vessels)

6. High rate of regeneration

Basement Membrane

Anchors cells in place

Apical surface (Top part of cell )

Function - Depending on the tissue it helps absorbs and secrets. It faces the free open space

Basal surface (Bottom part of cell)

Function - anchors the epithelial cell to basement membrane

3 Membrane Junctions

Tight junction - near the apical (top). Seals cells tightly together

Desmoses - along the sides or middle of cells, anchors cells together

Gap junction - found in between cells near the bottom. Allows small molecules to pass from cell to cell. (Helps with communication)

Glandular Epithelia Endocrine gland

Ductless it releases hormones directly into bloodstream ex. Thyroid

Glandular Epithelia Exocrine gland

Have ducts, uses it to carry secretions to a specific area. Ex. Sweat glands

Glandular Epithelia Goblet cells

• Mucus maker which helps protect and lubricate surfaces

• (digestive and respiratory). Singled cell

Glandular Epithelia Merocrine gland

Makes it out without killing the cell (alive)

Glandular Epithelia Holocrine gland

Cells die/breaks down and releases secretion

Membranes

Cutaneous - Covers the outside of the body skin; protects the body and helps prevent water loss

Mucous - Openings of the body (mouth, nose) produces mucus to lubricate the surface.

Serous - Closed body cavity covers organs (heart and lunges). Produces serous fluids that reduces friction as organs moves.

3 types of Fibers (1. Collogen)

Location - tendon, ligaments and deep layer of the skin

Function - provides strength and support

Characteristic - thick and strong

3 types of Fibers (2. Elastic)

Location - skin, lunges and walls of blood vessels

Function - allows tissues to stretch and return to normal shape

Characteristics - thin and stretchy/flexible

3 types of Fibers (3. Recticular)

Location - lympth nodes, spleen and bone marrow

Function - supporting framework for cells

Characteristics - thin, branching fibers that form a net-like structure

Microvilli

Found in stomach & increase creates more surface for absorption

Cilia

Found in respiratory tract keeps mucus flowing

Epithelial Tissues

Simple squamous

Location: lunges and blood vessels

Function : rapid diffusion

Epithelial Tissues

Simple Cuboidal

Location: liver, kidneys, ovaries

Function secretion and absorption

Epithelial Tissues

Simple Columnar

Location: stomach & intestines

Function: secretion & absorption (microvilli)

Epithelial Tissues

Pseduostratified Columnar

Location: respiratory tract

Function: moves mucus

Epithelial Tissues

Transitional Epithelium

Location: bladder

Function: hold urine

Epithelial Tissues

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Location: skin, hair, nails

Function: protection against bacteria or cuts to body

Epithelial Tissues

Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous

Location: mouth & vagina

Function: keeps area moist

Connective Tissues

Areolar Connective Tissue

Location: underneath all epithelial tissues

Function: provides nourishment/wraps around and cushions organs

Connective Tissues

Adipose Connective Tissue

Location: abdomen & thighs

Function: stores insulation

Connective Tissues

Reticular tissues

Location - lympth nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Function - forms a supporting framework/network

Connective Tissues

Dense regular

Location - tendons and ligaments

Function - strong attachment; handles pulling in one direction

Connective Tissues

Dense irregular

Location - dermis of skin; around organs

Function - provides strength in many directions

Connective Tissues

Hyaline Cartilage

Location - nose, trachea, ends of bones/joints

Function - supports and cushions reduces friction

Connective Tissues

Elastic Cartilage

Location - external ear

Function - flexible support; bends and returns to shape

Connective Tissues

Fibrocartilage

Location - between the vertebrae of the spine (intervertebral discs)

Function - shock absorption; handles pressure

Connective Tissues

Bone Tissue

Location: radius & ulna

Function: supports, protects, stores minerals and movement

Connective Tissues

Blood

Location: heart & blood vessels

Function: carries body heat

Nervous Tissue

Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves

Function: sends and receives electrical signals throughout the body (helps you think

Muscular Tissues

Skeletal Tissue (you control it)

Location: attached to bones

Function: helps your body move by pulling on your bones

Characteristics - striated, voluntary, long cells, does not branch

Muscular Tissues

Cardiac Muscle (heart)

Location: heart

Function: pumps blood into the body (involuntary, lots of branches)

Characteristics - striated, involuntary, branching

Muscular Tissues

Smooth Muscle (organs)

Location: stomach & intestines

Function: absorption and secretion

Characteristics - no striations, involuntary, spindle-shaped

Differentiations

Cells become specialized for a particular job

Metaplasis

One type of mature tissues changes into another mature tissue

Hypertrophy

Cells become larger, causing the tissue/organ to become larger.

Neoplasia

Abnormal/uncontrolled cell growth, which can form a tumor

Stem cells

unspecialized cells that don’t have a specific job yet

Stem cells

Totipotent (Toti = everything)

BEST

• can become any type of body cells AND extraembryonic tissues; found in the earliest stages after fertilization

Stem cells

Pluripotent (Pluri = almost anything)

Can become almost any type of body cells

Stem cells

Multipotent (Multi = several)

• Can become several related types of cells

• Only produce 4-5 adult cells (blood cells)

Stem cells

Unipotent (Uni = one)

Can become one specific type of cell (skin cell)

Tissue Degeneration and Death

Atrophy

Tissue shrinking

2 types of Astrophy

Senile astrophy - tissue getting smaller as you get older

Disuse astrophy - lack of use

Tissue Degeneration and Death

Necrosis

Uncontrolled tissue/cell death caused by injury, infection, lack of blood supply etc

Tissue Degeneration and Death

Infarction

Tissues dies because it’s blood supply is blocked

Tissue Degeneration and Death

Gangrene

A larger area of tissue dies, usually from loss of blood supply, sometimes with infection

Tissue Degeneration and Death

Decubitus ulcer

Pressure sore/bed sore caused by prolonged pressure reducing blood flow

Tissue Degeneration and Death

Apoptosis

Programmed/controlled cells death (body intentionally removes cells)

4 Steps in Wound Healing

1. Inflammation - (clean and protect) blood vessels respond to the injury; clotting begins and immune cells help clean the area

2. Organization - (clot/scab) a blood clot/scab forms, a new tissue begins developing underneath

3. Regeneration- (new cells)new cells grow to replace damaged cells and blood fed repair/grow

4. Fibrosis - (scar) scar tissue forms when the damaged tissue cannot be completely regenerated