[PF2] CANCER

is an abnormal growth that invades and spreads

cancer

--- in three people develop cancer

one

In ---, Certain cells become able to divide more often

cancer

Cancer Results from a _____of the cell cycle, caused by inherited cancer susceptible genes or from an environmental exposure

derangement

What level of cancer: observe symptoms in the patient.

whole body level

What level of cancer: cancer is characterized by: Disrupted pathways affecting Cell fate, Cell survival, Genome maintenance

cellular level

What level of cancer: cancer involves various types of genomic alterations

genomic level

drive the disease and are accompanied by changes in gene expression

mutations

What type of genomic alteration is a change in a single DNA base that can activate oncogenes?

Point mutation

What type of genomic alteration involves DNA segments that are duplicated or deleted, affecting tumor suppressor gene dosage?

Copy number variant (CNV)

What type of genomic alteration involves an abnormal number of chromosomes and leads to widespread gene expression imbalance?

Aneuploidy

Specialized cells must follow a schedule of _______ - mitosis (the cell cycle)

mitosis

What does not spread or invade surrounding tissues?

Benign tumor

What infiltrates nearby tissues?

Cancerous or malignant tumor

What is the tumor spreads to other parts of the body via the blood or lymph vessels

metastasis

What Makes a cancer lethal, and is difficult to detect?

Metastasis

What are substances that cause cancer

carcinogens

In carcinogens, most are ___

mutagens

What is a gene that causes cancer when it is expressed?

oncogenes

What keep the cell cycle running at the appropriate rate for a particular cell type under particular conditions?

tumor suppressor genes

For oncogenes, Effects of mutation is typically __

dominant

For tumor suppressor genes, Effects of mutation is typically ___

recessive

Cause cancer if inappropriately activated

oncogenes

Cause cancer when they are deleted or inactivated

Tumor suppressor genes

The most fundamental characteristic of cancer is the underlying disruption of the ____

cell cycle

What control the cell cycle

checkpoints

A mutation in a gene that halts or slows the cell cycle

inappropriate mitosis

What checkpoint is if DNA is damaged, the cell stops progress to the next phase?

DNA Damage Checkpoint (G1 Phase)

What checkpoint is before mitosis, if DNA damage cannot be repaired, the cell will undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)?

Apoptosis Checkpoint

What checkpoint is during metaphase, ensures chromosomes align properly along the equator?

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

Loss of control of ___may also contribute to cancer

telomere length

consist of DNA sequence TTAGGG repeated thousands of times

Telomeres

The more specialized a cell, the shorter its _

telomeres

Gametes keep telomeres long using_____, that consists of RNA and protein

telomerase

Mutation in the gene ___(encodes telomerase), causes some cancers.

TERT

Normal, specialized cells have telomerase turned off, which limits ___

cell division

What type of cancer is cancer susceptibility passed on to offspring?

Germline (Inherited) Cancer

What type of cancer has a mutation present in every cell of the individual?

Germline (Inherited) Cancer

What type of cancer develops when a second somatic mutation occurs?

Germline (Inherited) Cancer

What type of cancer is rare and tends to strike earlier in life than sporadic cancers?

Germline (Inherited) Cancer

What type of cancer is an isolated event and not part of a familial pattern?

Sporadic Cancer

What type of cancer is caused by somatic mutations that affect only non-sex cells?

Sporadic Cancer

What type of cancer results from a single dominant mutation or two recessive mutations in the same gene?

Sporadic Cancer

What type of cancer does not have cancer susceptibility passed on to offspring?

Sporadic Cancer

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: It is passed from parent cell to daughter cell

heritable

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: A cancer cell injected into a healthy animal of the same species will proliferate

transplantable

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: is less specialized than the normal cell types near it that it might have descended from

dedifferentiated

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: Normal cells in a container divide to form a single layer; cancer cells pile up on one another, producing tumor

unusual

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: Cancer cells lack contact inhibition

unusual

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: Cancer cells have surface structures that enable them to squeeze into any space

invasive

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: Cancer cells anchor to basement membranes and secrete enzymes that cut paths through healthy tissue

invasive

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: Growth of new capillary extensions to bring in a blood supply to the cancer cells

angiogenesis

Characteristic of Cancer Cell: A grown tumor secretes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in response to oxygen-poor environment, stimulating nearby capillaries to sprout and extend new branches toward the tumor

angiogenesis

Meaning of A in ABCDE checklist of Skin Cancer

asymmetric

Meaning of B in ABCDE checklist of Skin Cancer

borders are irregular

Meaning of C in ABCDE checklist of Skin Cancer

color variations

Meaning of D in ABCDE checklist of Skin Cancer

diameter of >5 mm

Meaning of E in ABCDE checklist of Skin Cancer

elevation

Origin of Cancer Cells: Activation of _____ that produce cancer cells

stem cells

Origin of Cancer Cells: Specialized cells revert to a ______ state and begin to proliferate abnormally.

less differentiated

Origin of Cancer Cells: Increase in the ______ of a tissue that consists of stem or progenitor cells

proportion

Origin of Cancer Cells: ___ tissue repair

faulty

What mutation provides the selective growth advantage to a cell that defines the cancerous state

driver mutation

A cancer has ___ driver mutations

4 to 5

What mutation occurs in a cancer cell, but does not cause or propel the cancer’s growth or spread.

Passenger mutation

Passenger mutation increases with ___

age

3 strikes of cancer

breakthrough, expansion, invasion

What driver mutation: cancer begins in a single cell when an oncogene is turned on or a tumor suppressor gene is turned off, lifting controls on cell division

breakthrough

What driver mutation: cancer cells divide more frequently and can survive in an environment with scarce nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors

expansion

What driver mutation: the cancerous tumor grows and spreads locally, and then attracts blood vessels and enters the blood stream

invasion

are genes that normally trigger cell division

proto-oncogenes

They are active where and when high rates of cell division are necessary, such as in a wound or in an embryo

proto-oncogenes

If the proto-oncogene is activated at a site other than a wound—as an___—it still hikes growth factor production and stimulates mitosis.

oncogene

When proto-oncogenes are turned on at the wrong time or place, they function as

oncogenes

Oncogenes Activation causes a ____

gain-of-function

Proto-oncogenes can also become oncogenes by being physically next to _______

highly transcribed genes

Involves a chromosomal translocation where chromosome 8 moves to chromosome 14.

burkitt’s lymphoma

causes cancer is usually a deletion that causes a loss of function and is recessive

tumor suppressor gene mutation

Cancer can be caused by loss or silencing of a ___ that normally inhibits expression of genes involved in all of the activities that turn a cell cancerous

tumor suppressor gene

an example of a cancer that develops from loss of tumor suppression. A gene that normally halts mitosis in the fetus’ kidney tubules is absent.

wilm’s tumor

A rare childhood eye tumor related to tumor suppression gene deletion or mutation

retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is caused by a mutation in ___

RB1 gene

a gene that normally binds transcription factors so that they cannot activate genes that carry out mitosis

RB1 gene

a gene that normally binds transcription factors so that they cannot activate genes that carry out mitosis

Breast Cancer

BRCA mutation is __

autosomal dominant

Two major breast cancer susceptibility genes are

BRCA1, BRCA2

encodes a protein that interacts with many other proteins that counter DNA damage

BRCA1

Women with BRCA1 mutation has up to ___ risk of developing breast cancer

87%

Women with BRCA1 mutation has up to ___ risk of ovarian cancer

50%

is more common among the Ashkenazim

BRCA2 mutation

Having BRCA2 mutation has up to ___ risk of developing breast cancer

45%

Having BRCA2 mutation has up to ___ risk of developing ovarian cancer

11%

Having BRCA2 mutation in men have a __% risk for breast cancer

6%

a protein transcription factor that “decides” whether a cell repairs DNA replication errors or dies by apoptosis

p53

If a cell loses a___, or if the gene mutates, a cell with damaged DNA is permitted to divide, and may result to cancer

p53 gene

provides a view of the proteins that a cancer cell makes at a certain point in time and the relative abundance of the proteins

Gene expression profiling

____ is one genetic approach to identifying risk of and diagnosing cancer

Detecting mutations

Cancer treatment, classic approach: oldest treatment is ___ which removes the tumor

surgery

Cancer therapy, classic approach: ___ and ____ destroys rapidly dividing cells

chemotherapy, radiation

Cancer therapy, newer approach: Targeted to _____ in cancer cells

specific mutations