MALARIA VTPB 221 exam 3

Human Malaria causative agent

Plasmodium

Plasmodium types

P. falciparum

P. Malariae

P. vivax

P. ovale

P. falciparum

killer, cerebral malaria

P. malariae

malaria of the subtropics

P. vivax

persistent liver stage

P. Ovale

persistent liver stage (west africa)

which contient has the most risk for malaria

Africa

worldwide incidence of malaria in 2024

253M clinical cases

over 597,000 death

80% of death are in children less than 5 years old

Malaria Symptoms

tired, fever, swearing, shivers, difficulty breathing, nausea and vomit, increased bowel movements, cough, abdominal pain, joint pain. jaundice, bloody urine, and seizures

The malaria 3 DEMONS

Chills, fever (106*) and headaches

Malaria symptom time

after 6 hrs. clinical signs abate. parasite cycle 48 or 72 hrs, depending on malaria species

Malaria pathology

hemolysis, jaundice and black urine

Complications of malaria

Cerebral malaria, severe anemia, low BS, pulmonary oedema, acute renal failure

Malaria can damage many_____

organs

Malaria has been known to infect man since…..

the beggining of recorded history

where did malaria originate

AFRICA

Miasma theory

poisonous air exhaled by decaying vegtable matter, especially by swamps

problems with miasma theory

there is malaria in not marsh areas, and marshes that dont have malaria

Fever Tree (Acacia)

european explorers tought these trees caused malaria but its just that they were in high mosquito areas.

Charles Laveran

french military ohysician staioned in Algeria in 1876

he saw parasites in RBC (plasmodium)

malaria

protozoan parasite.

single celled, microscopic eukaryotic organisms

1880

now know that protozoa in RBC causes Malaria

Most common disease in British india

Malaria known as intermittent fever or ague

Sir Arnold Ross India 1897 (vet)

Found malaria protozoan in stomach of anopheles mosquito

Vector

an organism that transmits a pathogen

Vector for malaria

female anopheles mosquito

Transmission of malaria

bite of infected female anopheles mosquito

Nobel Prize in Medicine 1902

Sir Arnold Ros: for work on how malaria enters body

Nobel Prize in Medicine 1907

Charles Lavern: for work by protozoan in causing diseases

What is needed for malaria to persist

vector, reservoir and host

Reservoir

organism in which pathogen grows and replicates WITHOUT damaging host

Host

an animal that harbors the other organism. displays clinical signs of disease

host for malaria

Definitive host: mosquitoes

Intermediate host: humans

malaria affects which organ first

Liver

Was there Malaria in Americas prior to 1492

NO, came in 1492 by european exploration

Malaria in U.S

circa 1850: most of east U.S and border of west

circa 1912: SEC states

Malaria in 1933 (tenesse)

malaria affected 30% of population in tennessee river valley.

1947 the disease was eliminated

present day cases in US

2,000 cases each year with 0-5 deaths. acquired during travel.

flu deaths per year

3,000-50,000 per year

malaria decalred eradicatedd from US in

1951. but there has been cases in FL, TX and MD

endemic prior to 1950s

malaria in US

TEXAS mosquitoes

85 species

13 species of Anopheles

Prevention to reduce exposure

mosquito bed nets

do humans evolve in response to malaria

west african genetic adaptations to cope with malaria

Sickle cell trait

being heterozygous for sickle cell gives malaria immunity

is malaria contagious

no, needs a mosquito vector

more malaria prevention

mosquito repellent(DEET), screen on doors and windows, cover skin with clothes

TAMU student who got malaria.

on a trip to botswana

mosquito vector control

insecticides, larvacides and biological control of mosquitos

genetically controlling mosquitos

-sterile insect technique (SIT)

-incompatible insect technique (IIT)

malaria prophylaxis (prevention)

chloriquine (weekly)

Atovaquone-Proguanil- should begin 1-2 days before travel

doxycycline- daily

plant extract to treat malaria

quinine from tree bark (discovered by spanish priest in south america)

artemisinin (wormwood plant, discovered in vietnam and china)

are wildlife reservoir for human malaria

NO, humans and mosquitos

Severe malaria treatment

artesunate 2.4mg/kg adminestered IV or IM

novartis

oral treatment

New drug for malaria

Krintafel prevents relapse of malaria caused by plasmodium vivax.

patients require a 10 day treatment

Vaccine developed

R21 vaccine. plasmodium falciparum

how does vaccine work

vaccine works before circulation enters the liver.

vaccine facts

-newly approved vaccine 2023 for endemic areas

protects 70-80% of children

developed after many years at oxford university

4$ per dose

Malaria in 2022

249M cases and 608,000 deaths of malaria worldwide.

good thing is that cases are being _____

reduced