Development and Agriculture

Development

The process of improvement in material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

MDC (more developed country)

Country that has industrialized, technologically advanced, more businesses and office jobs

LDC (Less developed country)

Has not industrialized or in early stages, agriculturally based, lack of technological advancements

what are the different levels of economic activity (bottom to top of pyramid)

Primary economic activity

Makes direct use of natural resources → mining, farming, you get resources straight from earth

Secondary economic activity

Take goods from primary and turn them into consumer goods → dairy, clothing

Tertiary

Providing services to communities and people → doctors, lawyers and any other job

Quinary

(Subcategory of tertiary) High level of decision making → important ruler CEO, Governor

Quaternary

(Subcategory of tertiary) Professionals who provide special skills → require a specific type of training / degree

UN Human development Index

Re measured every year and used to see how developed a place is (higher rating= higher developed)

How do they measure the HDI in a region

Types of jobs, consumer goods, GDP per capita (Economic indicators), Education and literacy, health and welfare (Social indicators) , life expectancy, infant mortality rate, natural increase rate, crude birth rate (Demographic indicators)

How to measure decent standard of living

Income (GNI how much money country has and PPP takes into account dif places=dif prices) , GDP (how much money individual takes home ), Job types, and productivity

What is GII and what does it do

Gender inequality index, it measures how equal women are to men (want the number closest to 0 meaning 0 inequality)

first way GII is measured

Empowerment - % of seats held by women in national legislature and % of women who completed high school

second way GII is measured

Labor - % of females in labor force

third way GII is measured

Reproductive health - maternal mortality rate and adolescent fertility rate (15-19 yr olds having kids)

what are the two types of development theories

Structuralist theory and Liberal theory

Explain Structuralist theory

government centered and based on history the system keeps poor countries poor.

Explain Liberal Theory

Very people driven and believes that all countries have the ability to develop equally

Explain World systems theory

looks at relationships, if an area has been not developed by 1950, they will never be up to the same level of development as core regions

Who was the world system theory created by

Wallenstein

What are the three categories of the world systems theories

Core regions (Dominate players in global economy highest level of development) , Periphery Regions (poorest region, and is very dependent on core) , Semi Periphery (in between)

Self Sufficiency Model

the belief that in order to fully develop you need to be self sufficient and that if you stay reliant on other states you dig yourself into a bigger whole (develop from within)

Cons of self sufficiency model

Increased taxes/ tariffs, require licenses in order to restrict importers, a lot of gov regulation

Pros of self sufficiency models

New businesses are nursed to success and investment is spread equally (no inequality in wealth)

International trade approach

Find something, you are good at doing or making and sell it globally, relying on foreign investments

First step in w.w Rostow 5 stage model

Traditional society: have not started developing very poor

Second step in w.w Rostow 5 stage model

Pre conditions for takeoff: small group sees a good industry and they invest in it

Third step in w.w Rostow 5 stage model

Takeoff: Rapid growth in industry, continuing to grow

Fourth step in w.w Rostow 5 stage model

Drive to maturity: Tech diffusing to other industries ( very rapid growth)

Fifth step in w.w Rostow 5 stage model

Age of mass consumption: shift towards production of consumer goods

Cons of international trade approach

Uneven resource distribution, could throw all you have into a not successful business, increased dependency on developed countries

Other development strategies

Financing development (getting money from outside to help country), Sustainable development (only uses renewable / natural resources), fair trade (spending more money to know product was made in a way that helps the environment)

Agriculture

The deliberate modification of earths surface through the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to produce food and fiber for sale or subsistence

What takes up the most space in the world

Agriculture

What is the cause of malnutrition

We can’t keep up with the exponential human growth

What is a hunter gatherer society

when the men have to hunt and the women stay home and forge, in these women are the most important because they provide constant food (mostly in Australia and Arctic)

what does Carl Sauer argue

That all of his rules need to align to be able to start with agriculture

what is the first of Carl Saures 6 predictions for agriculture

Already have adequate food supply (from environment)

what is the second of Carl Saures 6 predictions for agriculture

have acquired skills with plants already

what is the third of Carl Saures 6 predictions for agriculture

You aren’t nomadic (you don’t pick up and move every week)

what is the fourth of Carl Saures 6 predictions for agriculture

Floral and fauna diversity (a lot of plants and animals)

what is the fifth of Carl Saures 6 predictions for agriculture

woodland zone likely (has all needed resources)

what is the sixth of Carl Saures 6 predictions for agriculture

No major river bison (won’t have a big flood and mess up project)

Where was the first hearth

South east Asia

What was the first agricultural happening

Neolithic agricultural revolution

when was the Neolithic agricultural revolution

12,000 years ago

What happened during the Neolithic agricultural revolution

we don’t need to move for food we can grow it, first time we planted edible plants, villages form

what is vegetative planting

when you create a plant from existing plants

Where and what was the first seed

Northern china : millot

Where and what was the second seed

Ethiopia : millet sorghum

Where and what was the third seed

South west Asia: wheat and barley

Where and what was the fourth seed

Southern Mexico: squash and maize

Where and what was the fifth seed

Northern peru : squash , beans , cotton

Where and what was the sixth seed

the rest of the western hemisphere

when was the first animal domestication

8,000 years ago

What is animal domestication

The breeding of species that are dependent on humans

How did the first animal domestication happen

on accident

Stimulus diffusion

An idea spreads, but people change or adapt it to fit their own needs or environment.

Relocation diffusion

People physically move and bring their ideas, cultures, or agricultural practices with them.

Hierarchal diffusion

An idea spreads from an important or influential place or group to other places or groups.

what is the bad part of diffusion

a lot of invasive species/organisms introduced to new area and spreads rapidly bc things move with plants

when was the second agricultural revolution

17th - 18th century

what happened in the 2nd agricultural revolution

improved cultivation production and storage, lead by industrial rev. in europe

when was the 3rd agricultural revolution

20th century

What happened during the 3rd agricultural revolution

faster harvest , better mechanization , New fertilizer/pesticides bigger factories. started in the united states

When was the green revolution

late 20th century

What happened in the Green revolution

Genetic engineering and bio tec, GMO

who has yet to be affected by the green revolution

Africa

What are the two ways of classifying agriculture

By inputs (how much land: labor) and purpose (why farming )

what are the two types of imputs

Intensive (little lane lot labor ) and extensive (lot of land little labor)

What are the two types of purposes

Subsistence and commercial farming

What is Subsistence farming

Food primarily produced and consumed for the family alone (common in LDC)

What is commercial farming

food produced primarily to sell off the farm (mostly in MDC)