Comprehensive ANTH 260 Exam 1: Ethnography, Culture & Globalization (WEEK 2)

What plural term did Tylor introduce?

Cultures

What are the three senses of culture according to Tylor?

1) A general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development; 2) A particular way of life of a group; 3) Works of artistic and intellectual activity.

How does Tylor define culture?

Culture is the collective processes through which people in social groups construct and naturalize certain meanings and actions as normal and necessary.

What is the shift in understanding culture as described by Tylor?

From culture as a stable system to culture as a dynamic process.

What are the 7 attributes of culture listed by Tylor?

1) Shared; 2) Built through cultural constructions; 3) Learned; 4) Symbolic; 5) Dynamic; 6) Integrated with daily experience; 7) Shapes everybody's life.

What is enculturation?

The process of learning culture, which can be passive or direct.

What does cultural construction refer to?

The building of concepts like gender, race, class, nationality, and religion, which have real effects on society.

What is ethnocentrism?

The belief that one's own culture is correct and superior to others.

Define cultural relativism.

The principle of understanding cultures on their own terms without judgment.

What is critical relativism?

An approach that understands cultural context but does not condone harmful practices.

What does the term 'symbol' mean in cultural context?

An arbitrary and conventional representation where meaning is agreed upon, not inherent.

What are values in cultural terms?

Ideals that orient thinking about obligation and morality, often conservative.

What are norms?

Typical patterns of behavior that are often invisible until broken.

What is a social sanction?

A reward or punishment that enforces norms.

What are customs or traditions?

Enduring and ritualized practices linked to power and with a claim to antiquity.

What are social institutions?

Organized sets of social relationships, such as kinship, economics, religion, and politics.

What is the significance of the Nacirema article?

It illustrates the concept of making the familiar strange to challenge ethnocentrism.

What does 'thick description' refer to in anthropology?

A detailed account that explains the context and meaning behind behaviors.

What is the 'Happy Meal exercise' in anthropology?

Analyzing a familiar object as if it were new to understand societal values.

What does the term 'cultural appropriation' raise questions about?

The ownership of culture and the tension between cultural change and stability.

What is exoticization in the context of tourism?

Treating people as objects or spectacles for consumption by tourists.

What does the documentary 'Framing the Other' illustrate?

The negotiation of perspectives between tourists and the cultures they visit.

What is the impact of colonialism on contemporary tourism?

It shapes who travels where, who profits, and continues colonial relationships.