CODY MON EXAM 1

How does the structure of phospholipids contribute to the formation of the plasma membrane?

The hydrophilic heads face outward, interacting with water, while the hydrophobic tails face inward creating a barrier

Which process is central to the central dogma of genetics?

The conversion of DNA to RNA, then RNA to proteins

Which best describes endocrine glands?

They release hormones directly to the bloodstream

Blood pressure is low due to blood loss. Which homeostatic mechanism will activate first to help restore blood pressure?

baroreceptor reflex

Biomolecule used for short term energy storage

Carbohydrate

Tissue located close to external environments?

Epithelial

Homeostasis?

maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes

What statement about positive feedback is correct?

It amplifies or increases a change rather than reversing it

A CT scan divides the body into right a left halves. What plane is being used?

Sagittal plane

Which factor most directly controls fluid movement between capillaries and interstitial fluid?

Hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

Facilitated diffusion vs. Active transport

Active transport can work against a solute concentration gradient

What is a key process facilitated by the central dogma of genetics

The conversion of DNA info. to RNA and then into proteins

Physiology?

How organisms function

The process of osmosis

The movement of water from low to high solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane

The role of the inflammatory response in tissue repair

It initiates the healing process by attracting macrophages and white blood cells to the injury site

regular vs. irregular dense connective tissue?

The collagen fibers dense connective tissue are arranged in parallel whereas the fibers are arranged randomly in irregular dense connective tissue

primary purpose of mitosis and cytokinesis solely?

To segregate chromosomes and divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

Phases of mitosis

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

What distinguishes epithelial tissue due to structural and functional

They are avascular and exhibit cell polarity

The organ system of the body that distributes nutrients to the tissue is then ...... system

Circulatory

How does a negative feedback loop typically maintain homeostasis in a biological system?

By detecting changes and initiating responses to move the parameter back to its set point

Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

S phase

Why does the sodium potassium pump require ATP?

It transport ions against their concentration gradients

What gives the distinction between different cell types, such as skin or blood?

Each cell type expresses different levels of different proteins, enzymes and organelles present that will work to perform specific functions

Why is the healing and renewal process slow in dense regular connective tissue ?

There is limited vascularity in the tissue

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by a single layer of cells that vary in height providing a misleading stratified appearance?

Pseudostratified epithelium

What distinguishes interphase from the mitotic phase in the cell cycle?

Interphase involves cell growth and DNA synthesis, while the miotic phase involves cell division

Two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body

Organ

John touches a hot stove, instantly without thinking he pulls his hand away without getting burned. This is because his .... system responds fastest to changes in environmental stimuli and relays them to his .... system

Nervous; musculoskeletal

Which statement best describes the role of the sodium potassium ATPase pump?

It maintains resting membrane potential by moving 3 NA+ out and 2 K+ into the cell

How do fibroblasts and fibrocytes contribute to the structure and function of connective tissue proper?

Fibroblasts create and remodel tissue, while fibrocytes maintain and support it

Example of a negative feedback mechanism in homeostasis

Shivering when body temperature drops

Sister chromatids align at the equator of the cell, phase?

metaphase

The ability for large arteries to withstand significant changes and recoil due to blood pressure changes is due to what component in the lining of these vessels?

Elastic connective tissue

Gene transcription vs. Translation

Transcription produces mRNA; Translation produces proteins

What tissue contains extracellular matrix?

Connective

How do apoptosis and autophagy contribute to cellular maintenance and survival?

Apoptosis eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells, while autophagy recycles cellular components to maintain homeostasis

Which fluid compartment includes blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

Extracellular fluid

Role of the mitochondria in cells

ATP production

The mechanism of action of an ionotropic receptor

It undergoes a conformational change that allows ions to pass the membrane rapidly

What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

Coronal frontal plane

Blood was added to a hypertonic solution. Which process will occur

Water leaves the cells, causing them to shrink

The importance of polarized membranes in epithelium

They enable the apical and basal membranes to have different properties

What body cavity contains the brain

cranial cavity

Relationship between anatomy and physiology

Anatomy examines structure, why physiology examines function and the two are interconnected

Which components of a feedback system detects changes in the physiological variable

Receptor sensor

Which of the following is a good example of a positive feedback mechanism

Blood clotting

Tissue type with the greatest ability to regenerate after injury or damage

Epithelial tissue

What type muscle is found in the digestive tract

Smooth

How does the structure of phospholipids contribute to the formation of the plasma membrane

The hydrophilic heads face outwards while the hydrophobic tails face inwards