Mem & Cog Ch 9 Cases

Paivio 1969 Dual Coding Hypothesis

Procedure: Concrete(Item words) vs. Abstract(Concept words) paired-association learning and cued recall

Results: Concrete pairs provided the best performance

Findings: We used 2 different systems.

Bower Relational - Organizational Hypothesis

Procedure: Given a memorization task, asked to either make an interactive image or 2 separate images.

Results: Interactive images performed better

Implicit Encoding

Imagry is latent (hidden) knowledge in the visual representation or mental image

It can be recalled even if it was never consciously encoded.

Brooks Implicit encoding study

Procedure: “yes” or “no” response as a verbal or physical response to spatial cue or noun recognition task

Results: e.g. a dual-encoding hypothesis.

Perceptual Equivalence

Mental imagery is functionally equivalent to perception; it is highly similar to visual imagery and perception.

Farah: Perceptual Priming

Procedure: Asked to imagine a letter → faintly presented → asked to report the presented letter

Results: those who imagined the letter 1st performed better at reporting the presented letter

Brain imaging later supported this hypothesis that mental imagery and perception are similar.

Spatial Equvalence

Spatial Relations are saved as mental images.

Kosslyn

Procedure: asked to mentally shift through an image

Results: Rt longer for greater distance

But RT would increase with the number of objects as well as distance?

Study 2

Procedure: Learned map with 7 objects; asked to shift from one object to the next

Results: RT increases linearly with distance.

Study 3:

Procedure: Received 2 things, bigger and smaller (high vs low association)

Results:

Imagery: Faster for high association

No Imagrey: Faster for low association