History Review: Dutch Revolution, English Civil War & Glorious Revolution, and American War of Independence

Comprehensive flashcards generated from lecture notes on early modern revolutions: the Revolt of the Netherlands, the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution, and the American War of Independence.

What regions were included in the Low Countries prior to the Dutch Revolution?

Present-day Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and a part of northern France, divided into 17 provinces.

What were the main linguistic and religious differences between the northern and southern Low Countries?

In the north, the population spoke German and followed Calvinism; in the south, the population spoke French and was predominantly Catholic.

What triggered the 1566 rebellion in the Low Countries, and who suppressed it?

Dissatisfaction with Spanish authority triggered the rebellion, which was suppressed by the Duke of Alba through terror, new taxes, and harsh military rule.

Who led the dissatisfied population of the Low Countries during the First Bourgeois Revolution?

William of Orange.

What agreement was established by the Pacification of Ghent in 1576?

Northern and southern provinces agreed to set aside differences and jointly fight against Spanish rule.

Why did the southern provinces withdraw from the alliance in 1579 to form the Union of Arras?

They chose to remain Catholic subjects of Spain rather than side with the Protestant northern provinces.

What union was formed in 1579 by the 7 northern Dutch provinces?

The Union of Utrecht.

When and through what treaty did Holland (the United Provinces) gain international recognition?

Through the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

What was the highest governing body of Holland, and where was it located?

The Assembly of States-General, located in The Hague.

What were the political and religious outcomes of the revolution in the Low Countries?

The creation of two nations: a northern nation (Holland: Calvinist, republican) and a southern nation (Belgium: Catholic, monarchist).

What two provisions were included in King Charles I's Petition of Right (1628)?

1. Taxes would not be collected without Parliament's consent. 2. Citizens could not be imprisoned without a judicial sentence.

How did King Charles I respond to the Petition of Right in 1629?

He dissolved Parliament to avoid adhering to the Petition of Right.

What were the two factions into which the English Parliament was divided?

Cavaliers (supporters of the king) and Roundheads (opposition to the king).

What measures were enacted by the Long Parliament (1640–1660)?

1. Extraordinary courts were abolished. 2. Parliament was required to meet at least once every 3 years. 3. Taxes could not be levied without Parliament's approval.

Which groups supported the King vs. Parliament during the English Civil War?

The King was supported by the high nobility, Anglican Church, and Catholic Church; Parliament was supported by the new nobility, bourgeoisie, and Puritans.

Who was Oliver Cromwell, and where did he defeat King Charles I?

A country nobleman who led parliamentary forces; he defeated the king at Marston Moor, Naseby, and Preston.

What was the Instrument of Government (1653)?

The only written constitution of England, under which Oliver Cromwell ruled with the title of Lord Protector.

What did the Navigation Act of 1651 mandate?

It stipulated that foreign goods could only be imported into England on English ships, leading to a trade war against Holland.

Why was England's state model under Charles II Stuart in 1660 significant?

Monarchy was restored with limited royal power, making England the first constitutional bourgeois monarchy in Europe.

Who were the Whigs and Tories in 17th-century England?

Whigs were new nobility and bourgeoisie opposed to the king; Tories were old feudal nobility supporting the king.

What protections were granted by the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679?

It proclaimed that no person could be arrested without a judge's written warrant or held in prison without a trial sentence.

Why was the overthrow of James II in 1688 called the Glorious Revolution?

Because James II was replaced by William III of Orange without bloodshed or fighting.

What key acts were passed by Parliament following the Glorious Revolution?

The Declaration of Rights (1689), which required parliamentary approval for taxes and army recruitment, and the Act of Settlement (1701), which brought German princes from Hanover to the throne.

When was the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed?

In 1707.

Which nations established Jamestown, Quebec, and New Amsterdam in North America?

Jamestown (1607) was taken by the English, Quebec (1608) by the French, and New Amsterdam (1614) by the Dutch.

What was the main outcome of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) for North America?

England took control over the entire North Atlantic coast.

What incident occurred in 1773 due to England imposing taxes on American colonies without consultation?

The Boston Tea Party, where cargoes of tea were dumped into the sea.

Which nations joined the American Revolutionary War on the colonists' side in 1778?

France, Holland, and Spain.

Where was the final battle of the American Revolutionary War fought, and when was peace signed?

The final battle was fought at Yorktown in 1781, and peace was signed in Paris in 1783, establishing the United States of America.

How was power divided under the 1787 U.S. Constitution?

Power was divided into three branches: Executive (President and Cabinet), Legislative (Congress: House of Representatives and Senate), and Judicial (Supreme Court).