AP World History (ch 30)

The rise of Islamic fervor during the late 1970s led the Soviet Union to invade __________ in 1980 in hopes that a puppet regime there would protect Russian interests.

Afghanistan

The purpose of the "Reagan doctrine" was to __________.

assist anticommunist movements throughout the world

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost in the Soviet Union implied that __________.

the Soviet public and media were free to comment on and criticize government policies

__________ was the one former European communist state that refused to adopt a democratic system of government after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.

Belarus

During the 1990s, several Arab nations began to experiment with democracy after the __________.

American invasion of Iraq

As the Cold War drew to a close, the "end of history" concept promoted by some analysts emphasized the __________.

triumph of democracy over communism

Regional uprisings in Chechnya and between Armenia and Azerbaijan broke out in the late twentieth century as a result of __________.

the collapse of the Soviet Union

The first U.SIraq War broke out in 1991 after __________.

Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait

Ethnic conflicts between the Hutus and the Tutsis in the African nation of __________ during the early 1990s led to the genocide of hundreds of thousands innocent civilians.

Rwanda

The European Union became more powerful in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries because __________.

most of the former Soviet bloc nations in East-Central Europe joined this organization

One notable late twentieth-century failure of U.S. military intervention to halt civil strife occurred in __________ after the United States decided to pull out of that nation due to widespread resistance and loss of life.

Somalia

Militarily, the period between 1990 and 2009 throughout the world was characterized by __________.

the absence of any major wars

__________ are the two countries that began to challenge American leadership after 2008.

Russia and China

New challenges to globalization from the international community increased during the early 2000s as a result of __________.

the 2008 economic recession

Global warming is caused by __________.

a combination of growing air pollution and increasing deforestation

President Jimmy Carter's 1980 statement that this incident was "a stepping stone to their possible control over much of the world's oil supply" and the "gravest threat to world peace since World War II" was a condemnation of __________.

the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

The political upheaval in Romania during the late 1980s differed from similar movements in other Eastern European nations because __________.

the transition to a new government was extremely violent

What can be said of conditions in Russia after Vladimir Putin assumed power in 1999?

Conditions in Russia became more authoritarian as Putin tightened his hold on the state and the media.

What can be said about how worldwide affairs have affected democracy between the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s and the second decade of the twenty-first century?

Multiparty democracy with free elections spread through most of the world, although there were still areas where regression from democracy occurred or a continued hold to authoritarianism remained.

Conditions for women in various parts of the world improved as __________ declined around the turn of the twenty-first century.

child marriage

Political scientist/economist Francis Fukuyama warned that growing disparities of wealth could lead to __________.

violent social unrest that would end the drive to a perfect free-market system

Unlike other regional conflicts that occurred in areas formerly controlled by the Soviet Union, the conflict in Czechoslovakia was __________.

peaceful

The disputed territory of Kashmir has been the site of various border clashes between __________ during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

India and Pakistan

What can be said about the role of genocide during the twentieth century?

More cases of genocide against whole groups of people took place during the twentieth century than during any other century.

How did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect the United States in the global arena?

The United States is the one remaining global superpower.

Terrorism at the turn of the twentieth century was similar to terrorism 100 years later in that __________.

the main sources of assault were small, secret organizations

During the 2010s, Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war was significant because it __________.

displaced American influence in this region

Several Western democracies in the twenty-first century experienced encounters with authoritarianism as __________.

populist parties called for a stronger government and greater repression of dissidents

Critics of globalization blamed rising unemployment and the increase in income inequality in Western industrialized nations on __________.

growing competition from lower-wage economies that have industrialized rapidly

Although many nations pledged to limit global warming through the 2016 Paris climate pact, the greatest challenge has been that __________.

no method of enforcement was developed to ensure that participating nations reached relevant targets agreed to in the climate pact

The major circumstance that led to intensive reforms in the Soviet Union and to pro-democracy movements in Eastern Europe after 1985 was __________.

the decline of the Soviet economy

Mikhail Gorbachev's reform policies in the Soviet Union, which included greater acceptance of Western management techniques and cultural styles while retaining control of a communist state, demonstrated his __________.

ambivalence toward the West

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika dealt primarily with the restructuring of the Soviet __________.

economy

The free-trade Solidarity movement was responsible for democratic reforms and the dismantling of the state-run economy in __________ during the 1980s.

Poland

In 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev's political authority in the Soviet Union was weakened after __________.

an attempted military coup

During the mid-1970s, Spain, Portugal, and Greece abandoned long periods of authoritarian control and adopted democratic systems of government due to the __________.

drawing power of the Common Market

In his 1999 book The Lexus and the Olive Tree, U.S. journalist Thomas Friedman suggested that human affairs shifted dramatically because of the __________.

spread of consumer capitalism

The following statement from a televised speech in May 1989 justified violent government intervention in pro-democracy protests that took place in __________.

"The square is packed with extremely excited crowds who keep shouting demagogic slogans. Right now, representatives of the hunger striking students say that they can no longer control the situation. If we fail to promptly put an end to such a state of affairs and let it go unchecked, it will likely lead to serious consequences which none of us want to see."

China

Cordial relations between the United States and nations such as Egypt, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan demonstrated that the United States __________ during the twenty-first century.

created alliances with authoritarian regimes

The most severe post-Soviet clashes took place in the former nation of __________, where wars between different ethnic and religious groups led to acts of genocide that were referred to as "ethnic cleansing."

Yugoslavia

Rule by a minority population of Tutsis over the larger Hutu majority in Rwanda implied that the ethnic violence and genocide in this nation had its roots in __________.

European colonialism

One feature common to contemporary conflicts in African nations is __________.

the massive dislocations of refugees

What can be said of world reaction to the rise of ethnic warfare and genocide that occurred during the late twentieth century?

The world's major powers intervened on occasion.

President George W. Bush rejected treaties designed to protect the environment or prevent the use of land mines because the United States __________.

had grown suspicious of international agreements that might limit its sovereignty

The Islamic militants who crashed passenger airliners into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon considered their actions justifiable because they __________.

could not defeat the United States in a conventional war

Unlike other societies where recent acts of terrorism have taken place, terrorism in the United States __________.

occurred later in the twentieth century

Contemporary theorists of terrorism argue that modern-day terrorists justify their targeting of large numbers of civilians because __________.

any member of an enemy society is considered an active agent of evil

__________ launched the Belt and Road initiative in 2013 to increase its commercial and political influence in various developing global regions.

China

During the first two decades of the twenty-first century, Russian president Vladimir Putin and Chinese president Xi Jinping asserted greater control in their nations by __________.

restraining traditional and social media outlets

Although some authoritarian regimes, such as China, supported global economic relationships in the twenty-first century, they also __________.

disregarded the features of globalization that emphasized cultural freedoms and a commitment to human rights

By 2015, __________ people in the United States were undocumented immigrants although many had been living in the country for decades.

11 million

Toward the end of the twentieth century, predominantly secular values associated with global consumerism and a greater promotion of women's rights by global advocates led to __________.

intensified tensions among religious fundamentalists and advocates of globalization

The "Brexit" movement that began in 2016 called for Britain to __________.

leave the European Union

The greenhouse effect is caused by __________.

the buildup of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gasses in the atmosphere

Protective basins to control tide surges in the Netherlands, investment in new sea walls in Miami, Florida, and pledges made by France and China to eventually ban gasoline-fueled automobiles demonstrate that different regions of the world are __________.

adapting to change when dealing with environmental challenges