Russia's oppressive regime

who came up with the phrase ‘orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality’ and what did it mean to him?

• Sergei Uvarov

• described the beliefs he wanted to see in the educational system

autocracy:

1. what was it?

2. what was Nicholas’ attitude to it?

3. where did he believe his power came from?

4. what about Russia made him believe it was necessary?

5. how did he describe calls for reform?

1. one person has all power in government

2. commitment was rigid and unwavering

3. God

4. too large and diverse

5. dismissed them as ‘senseless dreams’

autocracy:

1. Russia didn’t have a constitution, which is?

2. it didn’t have a parliament, which is?

3. what wasn’t protected/safeguarded?

4. who governed Russia?

5. how were they answerable to the Tsar?

1. what the tsar could and couldn’t do

2. where the laws are made by more than one person

3. rights of individuals

4. ministers who were appointed to the tsar

5. day to day. only individual, no prime minister

what did the Council of State do?

offered advice on proposed new laws

what was the Imperial Chancellery?

the tsar’s personal staff

what position was absent from the Central Government?

no prime minister

what were the Ministers responsible for?

to the tsar on individual basis

what were the interior Ministry responsible for?

public order, policing, censorship, supervision of local government bodies

what were the Finance Ministry responsible for?

taxation, economic development

what was a Provincial Governor?

• answerable in first instance to Minister of the interior

• 78 in Russia, tsar’s representatives

what were the zemstva/zemstvo responsible for?

education, health and maintenance of roads and bridges

who were often employed by the zemstva?

upper class

zemstvos were stronghold of what?

liberal opinion

what was the town equivalent of a zemstvo called?

municipal councils

what was a land captain?

members of nobility who supervised peasants affairs in their localities

Nicholas II was hard working, devoted husband and loving father but why was he a dreadful Tzar?

1. what did he believe?

2. what didn’t he address?

3. who didn’t he trust?

1. the vast majority of people were devoted to him

2. bigger issues

3. politicians and officials who he had to work with

orthodoxy:

1. it refers to the roc which stands for?

2. who controlled the roc?

3. how did the roc help the Tzar?

4. why was the roc struggling by the 1890s?

1. Russian orthodox church

2. state control → government → procurator of the Holy Synod

3. told them to listen to the tsar

4. priests reputation: drunk and corrupt. couldn’t reach fast growing towns + cities

nationality:

1. the doctrine of Nationality said that Russians had the right to what?

2. it said that Russians had unique what?

3. why did that mean socialism and liberalism were unacceptable?

1. control the tsar’s multi-national empire

2. language, religion, culture

3. they were unrussian

nationality:

1. who launched ‘Russification’ and when?

2. what was Russification?

3. where was it implemented

1. Alexander II 1881-94

2. attempt to impose Russia’s language, culture and religion on non-Russian minorities

3. North-Western borders, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland

nationality:

1. what linguistic changes were introduced in Poland and the Baltics?

2. what happened to protestant churches in the Baltics?

3. what happened to the Armenian church in 1903?

4. Russification encourage nationalist groups to develop, what does that mean?

1. Russian language in court and school

2. no new protestant church could be built without government permission

3. confiscated property opened fire, killed 10, wounded 70

4. minority groups had resentment

define anti-semitism

prejudice towards Jewish people

where did most Jews live and the population?

Kingdom of Poland, 5 million

where were most Jews forced to live?

Pale of Settlement

what else did the government do to Jews?

banned from higher education and forced them into towns and cities

what was a pogrom?

organised attack on communities, particularly the minorities

what was the Okhrana?

the ancestor of all 20th century secret police services

Okhrana:

1. how did the government stop the spread of ideas?

2. when would the army be called out?

3. what was the role of the Okhrana?

4. how many agents were there?

5. which parties were riddled with Okhrana agents?

6. what did the Okhrana rarely use?

1. censored newspapers and publications

2. event of a large-scale disorder

3. infiltrate and destroy revolutionary and terrorist networkers

4. 2500

5. Social Democratic and Social Revolutionary

6. torture