Animal Lab Quiz 2

Ventral vs Dorsal

Ventral: Belly

Dorsal: Back

Phylum Mollusca 4 T.M.O.S

• True coelomates

Muscular foot and mantle

(Mostly) open circulatory system with pumping heart

• Synapomorphy: radula

Class Polyplacophora 6 + example R.R.S.B.M.U

• Reduced head

• Radula present

• Shell with 8 dorsal plates

• Broad, flat foot

• Multiple gills (ctenidia) on side of body

• Usually dioecious

Example: Chiton

Class Bivalvia 6 + examples C.N.F.P.M.M

• Cephalization greatly reduced

• No radula

• Foot usually wedge-shaped

• Plate-like gills

• Mantle two-lobed, enclosing body

• Mostly dioecious

Examples: Clams, oysters, scallops, etc.

Class Gastropoda 6 + examples H.R.L.L.1.D

• Head well developed (high degree of cephalization)

• Radula present

• Large, flat foot

• Locomotion via waves of muscle contraction

• 1-2 gills or modified mantle → secondary gills/lung

• Dioecious OR monoecious

Examples: Snails and slugs

Class Cephalopoda 5 + examples S.W.A.S.D

• Shell reduced/absent

• Well developed head

• Arms or tentacles

• Siphon present

• Dioecious

Examples: squid, octopus and nautilus

Dorsal side, male

Ventral side, female

Phylum Annelida 8 (2 are classes E and S) T.S/M.D.N.C.C

• Class Errantia

• Class Sedentaria

• True coelomates

• Segmentation and metamerism

• Division of coelomic cavity into fluid filled compartments

• Neuromuscular system

• Complete mouth to anus digestive tract

• Closed circulatory system with plumping walls

Class Errantia 8 M.S.P.D.N.D.E.T

• Mostly marine

• Segmented inside and out

• Parapodia with setae

• Distinct head with eyes, palps, and tentacles

• No clitellum

• Dioecious

• Epitoky

• Trochophore larvae usually present

Class Sedentaria (some former Oligochaeta) 6 + example B.C.F.N.D.T

• Body segmented inside and out

• Clitellum present

• Few setae

• No parapodia

• Direct Development

• Terrestrial and Freshwater

Example: earthworms

Class Sedentaria (some former Hirudinea) 6 + example S.C.A.N.C.T

• Segments 33 or 34 in number with many annuli (surface divisions)

• Clitellum present

• Anterior and posterior suckers

• No parapodia

• Coelom closely packed with connective tissue and muscles

• Terrestrial, freshwater, marine

Example: Leeches

Earthworm dissection

For a freshwater clam label the foot, siphon, gills, mantle and abductor muscles. Then label the ventral/dorsal sides and the anterior/posterior sides

What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system? Give an example of each from this lab

• Open circulatory blood may be directly open to the environment at places such as the digestive tract

• A closed circulatory system consists of the heart that pumps blood into the vessels to reach the tissues and organs

Examples: Earthworm (closed) (Annelid) and Squids (Cephlapods) (open)

Correct phylogenetic pathway towards Molluscs

• Bilateral symmetry → protostomes → lophotrochozoa

What is metamerism? Do all annelids display this?

• Repetition of body parts

• Yes all display

Earthworm cross section intestine, nerve chord, dorsal vessel, nephridium, coelom, longitudinal/circular muscles, epidermis

Chelicerata class and label the chelicerae, cephalothorax and abdomen

Class Merostomata

What are the broad taxonomic differences between lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

• Lophotrochozoans: Distinct larval stage

• Ecdysozoans: Molt to grow

Why are horseshoe crabs relevant to human health?

Their blood is used to test for the presence of toxins and bacterial infections in humans. Horseshoe crab blood contains limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) which coagulates around gram negative bacteria. It is used to safety check vaccines, implants, etc. which are used in medicine

Under the abdomen of the horseshoe crab are plate like structures called operculum that differentiate in function. If you lifted them up, what would they reveal? What are the functions of the two different types?

5 sets of book gills. These are used for reproduction and respiration respectively.

Name the similar respiratory structures that spiders have (in comparison to horseshoe crab)

Spiders have book lungs which are similar in appearance to book gills. Book lungs, however, are internal whereas book gills are exposed to the environment directly

What would you see under a microscope if you scrape a microscope slide with your skin and out immersion oil on it?

Face mites

What about a crayfish gill makes it ideal for gas exchange?

High surface area to volume ratio

Crayfish dissection

More crayfish photos

Two types of swimming methods seen in crustaceans

• Swimmerets, tail flapping, or paddles that help make power strokes

• Daphnia use their legs to move water across their mouths for feeding and use their antennae for locomotion in quick bursts

Three differences between centipedes and millipedes

• Centi: dorsoventrally flattened, one leg per segment, less segments

• Mili: round, two legs per segments, more segments

Mechanical mechanism insects use to avoid hybridization with similar species

“lock and key” the parts need to fit

Chemical mechanism insects use to avoid hybridization with similar species

Mates rely on pheromones to detect consepecific mates

Behavioral mechanism insects use to avoid hybridization with similar species

Certain species have unique courtship displays

A waxy outer cuticle and the ability to fly allow insects to be very successful. Briefly describe how those two characteristics contribute to insect success

Outer waxy cuticle prevents drying out while flying helps evade predators and occupy a new niche

Lepidoptera common name and characteristic

• Butterflies and moths

• Largely characterized by flattened hairlike scales which cover their bodies and wings

Hymenoptera common name and characteristic

• Wasps, bees, ants, etc

• Hindwings are connected to forewings by a series of hooks

Coleoptera

• Beetles

• Their forewings are hardened into a wing case which covers their hind wings

Diptera

Flies. Their hindwings have evolved away from flight and are used as mechanosensory organs called halteres which allow for advanced flight maneuvers

Grasshopper diagram. Label forewing, hindwing, mesothorax (thorax), metathorax (abdomen), prothorax (head), sternum, tergum (tergite), tympanum, palps, ovipositor, and spiracles

Annelida segmentation, body covering and main body cavity M.E.W

• Metamerism, external and internal serial repetition

• Epidermis

• Well defined coelom

Annelida appendages, circulatory system, respiration and excretory organs E.C.T.P

• Epidermal setae, parapodia

• Closed

• Through skin, gills in parapodia

• Pair of nephridia for each segment

Annelida sense organs, method of growth, division of animal kingdom T.G.L

• Tea tile organs statocysts, palps, antennae, photoreceptors

• Gradual increase in size, also adding segments

• Lophotrochozoan

Anthropods segmentation, body covering and main body cavity S.E.R

• Segmented body in functional groups called tagmata

• Exoskeleton

• Reduced coelom, most of body is hemocoel

Anthropods appendages, circulatory system, respiration, excretory organs J.O.B.M

• Jointed appendages often showing specialization

• Open, dorsal contractile heart

• Body surface, gills, trachea or book lungs

• Maxillary, antennal or coxal glands. Insects/arachnids have malpighian tubules

Anthropods sense organs, method of growth, division of animal kingdom W.M.E

• Well developed eyes and antennae

• Molting

• Ecdysozoan

Phylum Arthropoda 7 E.E.J.F.S.S.G

• Ecdysozoan

• Eucoelomate

• Jointed appendages

• Fusion of segments: tagmatization

• Specialized appendages

• Support and protection: striated muscle and chitinous exoskeleton

• Gas exchange: gills, a very effective tracheal system

Subphylum Chelicerata 9 (3 are classes)

• Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)

• Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

• Class Arachnida (spiders, ticks, scorpions)

• Named for chelicerae: pair of appendages anterior to mouth

• No antennae

• Cephalothorax

• Unsegmented abdomen (except in arachnida)

• Chelicerae, pedipalps

• Respiration: book gills, book lungs

Class Crustacea G.C.2.1.B

• Gill breathers

• Carapace body covering

• 2 pair of antennae and maxillae

• 1 pair of appendages/body segment

• Biramous

Class Miriapoda 6 (2 orders)

• Order Diplopoda (millipedes)

• Order Chilopoda (centipedes)

• Uniramous appendages

• 1 pair of antennae, mandibles, and 1-2 pairs of maxillae

• Trachea

• 2 tagmata

Subphylum Hexapoda 5 (1 class)

• Class insecta

• 2 pairs of wings (except flies)

• 3 pairs of jointed legs

• 3 tagmata (head, thorax and abdomen)

• Young insect with gills is convergent evolution NOT homologous to crustaceans