Anatomy & Physiology I: Cytology, Histology, and Anatomical Terminology

Vocabulary-style practice flashcards reviewing Cytology, Histology, microscope magnification, histology slide identification, and anatomical terminology for Anatomy & Physiology I.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference position where the body is facing forward with toes pointing forward, feet shoulder-width apart, and palms facing forward.

Axial Region

The structural region of the body comprising the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Region

The structural region of the body comprising the upper and lower limbs.

Anterior (Ventral)

Directional term referring to the front of the body or a body part.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Directional term referring to the back of the body or a body part.

Superior

Directional term describing structures toward or closer to the head; used exclusively in the axial region.

Inferior

Directional term describing structures away from the head or toward the tail; used exclusively in the axial region.

Proximal

Directional term describing closeness of an appendicular structure to its point of origin (the shoulder for upper limbs or hip for lower limbs).

Distal

Directional term describing farness or distance of an appendicular structure from its point of origin (the shoulder or hip).

Medial

Directional term describing a position closer to the imaginary midline running down the center of the body.

Lateral

Directional term describing a position farther away from the midline of the body.

Superficial

Directional term referring to a position closer to the surface of the body or skin.

Deep

Directional term referring to a position farther away from the skin surface or body exterior.

Cytology

The scientific study of cells.

Plasma Membrane

The semipermeable outer cell boundary composed of a phospholipid bilayer with polar heads, non-polar tails, and embedded proteins and steroids for stabilization, communication, and transport.

Cytoplasm

The jellylike aqueous cellular material containing cytosol, cytoskeleton, and organelles.

Cytosol

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm consisting of water, solutes, RNA, enzymes, and other proteins.

Cytoskeleton

Cellular support network consisting of filaments and microtubules.

Ribosomes

Organelles located free in the cytosol or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum that perform protein synthesis.

Peroxisomes

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing enzymes that eliminate toxins.

Mitochondria

Bean-shaped organelles responsible for ATP production.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous network studded with ribosomes that modifies synthesized proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous network lacking ribosomes that functions in lipid synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies and sorts cellular products packaged in vesicles.

Lysosomes

Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes to digest brought-in particles and worn-out cellular organelles.

Plant vs. Animal Cells

Plant cells have a cell wall, large storage vacuoles, and chloroplasts to produce food, whereas animal cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts, cannot make their own food, and have smaller, irregular shapes.

Histology

The microscopic study of body tissues.

Total Magnification Formula

The overall magnification calculated by multiplying objective lens power by ocular lens power ($\text{Total Magnification} = \text{Objective} \times \text{Ocular}$).

Muscle Tissue

Primary tissue type specialized for contraction; examples include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

Nervous Tissue

Primary tissue type that receives stimuli, transmits signals, and communicates; examples include neurons and neuroglial cells.

Connective Tissue

Primary tissue type that connects, binds, supports, and transports; examples include bone, adipose, ligaments, and blood.

Epithelial Tissue

Primary tissue type that lines internal organs and covers external body surfaces.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelial tissue structural arrangement consisting of a single layer of cells.

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue structural arrangement consisting of two or more layers of cells.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue arrangement that falsely appears multi-layered but is actually composed of a single cell layer.

Cuboidal Cells

Epithelial cell shape characterized by cube-like dimensions.

Squamous Cells

Epithelial cell shape characterized by flattened, squished scale-like structures.

Columnar Cells

Epithelial cell shape characterized by tall, column-like structures.

Blood Histology Slide

Connective tissue slide sample containing abundant packed red blood cells in liquid plasma.

Mammal Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Slide

Epithelial tissue slide displaying a single layer of column-shaped cells with cilia appearing multi-layered.

Mammal Hyaline Cartilage Slide

Connective tissue slide displaying chondrocytes contained within lacunae surrounded by a firm, smooth matrix.

Human Simple Columnar Epithelium Slide

Epithelial tissue slide showing a single layer of tall columnar cells lining an organ lumen.

Simple Squamous Epithelium Slide

Epithelial tissue slide showing a single layer of flat, scale-like cells.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Slide

Epithelial tissue slide showing multiple layers of cells with squished, flattened surface cells.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Slide

Epithelial tissue slide displaying a single layer of cube-shaped cells forming circular tubules.

Mammal Areolar Tissue Spread Slide

Loose connective tissue slide showing scattered fibers and cell types spread loosely in a matrix.

White Fibrous Connective Tissue Slide

Dense connective tissue slide showing parallel bands of collagen fibers.

Human Skeletal Muscle Slide

Muscle tissue slide displaying striated, multi-nucleated parallel fibers.

Mammal Adipose Tissue Slide

Connective tissue slide featuring large, open-looking fat storage cells (adipocytes).

Mammal Cardiac Muscle Slide

Muscle tissue slide featuring branching fibers unique to heart tissue.

Giant Multipolar Neurons Slide

Nervous tissue slide showcasing large cell bodies with radiating axonal and dendritic extensions.

Mammal Smooth Muscle Slide

Non-striated muscle tissue slide composed of spindle-shaped cells.