ExPhys--Exam 1

exergonic reaction

chemical reaction that releases energy

catabolism

exergonic reactions produce a _______ in useful energy for biologic work

decline

endergonic reactions

chemical process that absorbs energy

anabolism

endergonic reactions ________ useful energy for biologic work

increase

2nd law of thermodynamics

tendency of potential energy to transform into kinetic energy of motion with a lower capacity of work

Potential energy

stored in food

Kinetic energy

potential energy from food goes through chemical processes in the body into kinetic energy or unusable heat energy

6 forms of energy

CHELMN

chemical

heat

electric

light

mechanical

nuclear

major function of enzymes and give some examples

accelerate the forward and reverse rates of chemical reactions within the body without being consumed or changed in the reaction

ex. lipase or maltase, PFK

what is a coenzyme? give some examples

complex nonprotein that facilitates enzyme action by binding a substrate with its specific enzyme

ex. NIcotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD), FAD, vitamin B...

forms of biologic work

MTC

mechanical

transport

chemical

mechanical work

muscle contraction

muscle fiber's protein filaments directly convert chemical energy into mechanical energy for movement

chemical work

synthesis of cellular molecules

1)muscle tissue synthesis that occurs in response to chronic overload in resistance training

transport work

concentrations of substances balanced through active and passive transport

active transport from an area of low to high concentration to maintain proper physiological functioning, Na outside cell and K in cell for proper gradients for AP

4 factors that affect bioenergetics

ERCM

enzymes

reaction rates

coenzymes

mode of action

Bioenergetics

rate of energy release during chemical reactions in the body

reaction rate

operation rates of enzymes

mode of action

how enzymes interact with their specific substrate

catabolism is an _________ reaction.

exergonic

breaks compounds to release energy

anabolism is an _______ reaction.

endergonic

uses energy to synthesize new compounds

____ + _____ + energy = _____

glucose + glucose + energy

glycogen

amino acid + amino acid + energy

protein

glycerol + fatty acids + energy

triacylglycerol

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

special carrier for free energy

ATP provides the required energy for

all cellular function

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

degraded version of ATP, degraded through hydrolysis

During the downgrade of ATP to ADP, ______ ______ is liberated and is available for ______.

free energy

work

Phosphorylation

energy TRANSFER through phosphate bonds

hydrolysis is used to _________ high energy bonds (like ATP) to release _______. (hydrolysis)

breakdown

energy

Hydrolysis equation

ATP + H20 => ADP + Pi + energy

6 forms of biologic work powered by ATP

glandular secretion

muscle action

nerve transmission

digestion

tissue synthesis

circulation

Does oxygen participate directly in ATP synthesis?

YES

more than 90% of ATP synthesis takes place in the respiratory chain by oxidative reaction coupled with phosphorylation

the body stores ______ to ______ of ATP (3.5 oz), and provides energy for explosive all out exercise for _____ to _____ seconds

80 to 100g

2 to 3

carbohydrate major function

supply energy for cell work

list 4 of 6 macronutrient fuel sources

blood glucose (from liver)

free fatty acids (from adipose tissue)

rapid glycolysis

phosphorylation of ADP by PCr (ATP-PC system)

cell's two energy transforming activites

form and conserve ATP from food's potential energy

use energy extracted from ATP to power all forms of biologic work

oxidation

how ATP forms during electron transfer from carrier molecules (NADH and FADH) with the eventual involvement of O2

The ATP-PCr system provides energy for all out activities that last ______ to ____ _____

5 to 8 seconds

PCr

phosphocreatine

another energy reservoir

beginning products of ATP-PCr system

ATP and PCr

end products of ATP-PCr system

Pi, AMP, ADP, Cr -stimulate glycolysis and aerobic metabolism

ATP-PCr system takes place in the _______ of the cell

cytoplasm

cells store PCr in considerably _________ quantities than ATP

larger

PCr releases a _____ amount of energy when the bond splits between the creatine and phosphate molecules

large

hydrolysis of PCr begins at he onset of ______ ______ and does not require _______. it reaches a maximum in about _____ to ____ seconds.

intense exercise

oxygen

8 to 12

PCr provides some energy for ______ resynthesis

ATP

carbohydrates are the ONLY macronutrient whose potential energy generates ATP _________ and _______.

aerobically and anaerobically

carbohydrate energy release formula

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

efficiency of breakdown of one glucose molecule

34%

oxidation of one glucose molecule in skeletal muscle yields how many ATP?

32

give two examples of activities that rely heavily on ATP generated via glycolytic anaerobic reactions

100 m sprint

25 m swim sprint

activities that last about 8-12 seconds

GROSS gain of ATP in rapid glycolysis

4 ATP

NET gain of ATP in rapid glycolysis

2 ATP (2 used in process)

what tissue does the Cori Cycle function in?

Liver

major function of citric acid cycle

generate electrons (+Hs) for transport to electron transport system via FAD and NAD

in what organelle does the citric acid cycle function?

mitochondria

total ATP yield from breakdown on one triacylglycerol (neural fat) molecule

460 ATP

brain only runs on energy from breakdown of _______

carbohydrates

Briefly discuss what the phrase "fats burn in a carbohydrate flame" means.

The degradation of fatty acids in the citric acid cycle depends on oxaloacetate to combine with acetyl-CoA (formed during β-oxidation). By decreasing the amount of carbohydrates consumed, pyruvate production is decreased during glycolysis, therefore decreasing the generation of citric acid cycle intermediates like oxaloacetate, as well as decreasing citric acid cycle activity. So, by decreasing intake of carbohydrates, the oxaloacetate levels may decrease to insufficient levels, decreasing fat catabolism. In summary, carbohydrates are needed to facilitate fat breakdown.

Briefly describe what is meant by the term "rate-limiting enzyme."

A rate-limiting enzyme is an enzyme that controls the overall rate of that pathway's reactions. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a rate-limiting enzyme used in rapid glycolysis. PFK limits the rate of glycolysis during maximum-effort activity.

rapid glycolysis is an _________ process

anaerobic

slow glycolysis is an ________ process

aerobic

the ATP-PCr system is an _________ process

anaerobic

glycolysis is ________ breakdown

carbohydrate

converting glucose to pyruvate or lactate producing ATP

slow glycolysis is a relatively ______ process resulting in ________ ATP formation

slow

substantial

rapid glycolysis is ________ in its ATP production. it happens ______ and produces ____ as its end product

limited

rapidly

lactate

the second part of carb breakdown converts _____ to _______ which then progresses through the ______ _____ ______

pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

citric acid cycle (kreb's)

what determines whether glucose forms lactate or pyruvate?

demands on the body and activity level

what is the rate limiting enzyme of rapid glycolysis?

PFK

phosphofructokinase

rapid glycolysis takes place in what part of the cell?

cytoplasm

rapid glycolysis/lactic acid cycle provides energy for all out activity for about how long?

90 seconds (maybe 2-3 min)

glycogenolysis

rapid glycolysis when beginning substrate is stored in glycogen

beginning substrates of rapid glycolysis

glucose or glycogen

end products of rapid glycolysis

lactate or pyruvate

difference between lactate and pyruvate

lactate has 2 more hydrogen ions

NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

FAD

flavin adenine dinucleotide

in rapid glycolysis +H and -e are passed to ________ for transport to the _______

NAD

ETS (respiratory chain)

why does lactate form?

in strenuous exercises the respiratory chain cannot process all H+ and e-.; therefore NAD gives up H+ and e- to pyruvate to form lactate

During intense exercise, _______ accumulates; intensity of exercise must slow down for removal of H+ and e- from lactate by NAD

lactate

why does pyruvate form?

in light to moderate exercise there is plenty of O2 for H+ and e- to go to respiratory chain/ETS

During rest to moderate exercise, lactate does not accumulate because it is r________as fast as it is produced

removed

_______ cycle is also used to remove lactate and uses it/converts lactate back to glycogen to replenish glycogen reserves that were depleted from exercise in muscle and liver

Cori

Slow glycolysis takes place in the ________ and the energy it produces can last for _____ to ______ _______.

mitochondria

2-3 hours

beginning product of slow glycolysis

pyruvate (any lactate formed in rapid glycolysis has to be broken down into pyruvate before being able to enter slow glycolysis

end products of slow glycolysis

CO2 and H2O

on its own, slow glycolysis generates _________ of the 32 ATP produced from the breakdown of one glucose

30

pyruvate has to be turned into ________ before entering the citric acid cycle

acetyl-CoA

turning pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is an ___________ process

irreversible

______ is the final electron acceptor in slow glycolysis and produces ______

oxygen

water

_______ ________ is the most plentiful source of potential energy in the body; its almost unlimited

stored fat

use fat energy release during _____ to ______ exercise intensity

low to moderate

3 specific energy sources for fat catabolism

intramuscular triacylglycerols

circulating triacylglycerols

adipose tissue

protein acts as an energy substrate during:

long duration, endurance type activities

starvation

eating disorders

can lead to muscle wasting

the ______ _____ _____ is the connector between any of the 3 macronutrients producing ATP

citric acid cycle

excess energy intake from any fuel source can be ________

counterproductive

too much of any macronutrient converts to _____ _______ which then accumulate to _____ _____

fatty acid

body fat

what are the high-energy phosphates?

ATP and PCr

List 3 examples of sporting events that rely almost exclusively on the immediate energy system

100-meter sprint

1 rep max deadlift

spiking a volleyball

the point of abrupt increase in blood lactate concentration during exercise of increasing intensity is known as the ______ _____ ______

blood lactate threshhold