Head and Neck Lecture Slides

pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcaniosis

Pneumono- air/lungs

ultra- extreme

microscopic- small

silico- silicon

volcano- volcano

iosis- breathing disorder

Disease caused by inhaling extremely small particles of silicon in the air from a volcano

Depression (bony landmark)

an indentation, pit, or hollow surface landmark that helps house or connect with soft tissues like nerves, blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, and articulating bones

Fissure (bony landmark)

Narrow, slitlike opening

Foramen (bony landmark)

round or oval opening through the bone (for blood vessels and/or nerves)

Fossa (bony landmark)

Shallow and may serve as an articular surface

a depression, hollow, or shallow trench on the surface of a bone

Sulcus/meatus/canal

canal-like passageway through the substance of the bone

Sinus or atrium

a chamber or cavity within bone. usually empty

Groove

furrow

Process

Any bump or projection

Ramus

Arm-like extension

External Occipital protuberance

Bump on the back of the skull

Internal Acoustic Meatus

Ear hole

Pituitary gland/tumor

a tiny, pea-sized organ at the base of the brain that acts as the body's master control center for hormone regulation
Pituitary tumor depresses optic nerve and causes vision issues and can release prolactin in the blood

Removed by going through the nose and sphenoid sinus. Can release CSF if not done correctly

Petros Portion

Dense blocks of bone used to protect hearing organs

What are the parts of the mandible? (Lower jaw)

Ramus

Condyle

Angle

Body

Coronoid process

alveolar margin

mental foramen

mandibular foramen

Lingula

Buccinator

Compresses cheek as drinking through a straw

Orbicularis oculi

Closes eye

Nasalis

Compresses bridge of nose

Depressor labii inferioris

Depresses lower lip

Levator labii superioris

Elevates lip

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

Flaring of nostrils and raises lip (snarl)

Longest named muscle in the human body

Orbicularis oris

compress lips together, “kissing muscle”

Levator anguli oris

raises mouth as in smiling (at an angle)

Depressor anguli oris

Pulls mouth down as in sad and frowning (at an angle)

Zygomaticus major and minor

raises mouth as in smiling

Zygomaticus meaning

Cheek

Risorius

Draws corners of mouth laterally, grimace

Mentalis

Elevates and protrudes lower lip

Mental foramen

hole in chin that hosts mental nerve to mentalis

Mastication

The act of chewing

Deglutition

The act of swallowing

Eructation

The act of burping

Borborygmus

Stomach growling

Aponeurotica (Epicranial aponeurosis)

Flat tendon that goes across head

Frontalis attached to occipitalis via galea aponeurotica

Occipitofrontalis frontal belly (frontalis)

wrinkles forehead

Occipitofrontalis occipital belly (occipitalis)

Tenses scalp

Temporoparietalis

Moves auricle of ear (ear wiggles)

What muscle is used to make your eye look up?

Superior Rectus

What muscle moves your eye down-laterally?

Superior Oblique

What muscle makes your eye move up laterally

Inferior oblique

What eye muscles are used for looking right?

Right eye: lateral rectus

Left eye: medial rectus

What muscles makes you look down

Inferior rectus

What attaches the globe of the eye to the muscle

A tendon

Trochlea

A small, spool-like fibrocartilaginous loop that the superior oblique passes through to change the direction of the eye

What does LR6SO4/3 mean?

Lateral rectus: Cranial nerve 6

Superior Oblique: Cranial nerve 4

All the rest are cranial nerve: 3

What muscles and cranial nerves are used to make you look up and to the right?

Left inferior oblique / Right superior rectus

CN III

What muscles and cranial nerves are used to make you look down and to the right

Left superior oblique / Right inferior rectus
CN IV / CN III

What muscles and cranial nerves are used to make you look right?

Left medial rectus / right lateral rectus
CN III / CN VIWhat muscles and cranial nerves are used to make you look

What muscles and cranial nerves are used to make you look left

Right medial rectus / left lateral rectus
CN III / CN VI

What muscles and cranial nerves are used to make you look up and to the left

Right inferior oblique / Left superior rectus

CN III

What muscles and cranial nerves are used to make you look down and to the left

right superior oblique / left inferior rectus

CN IV / CN III

What cranial nerve is used for mastication

CN V

Largest cranial nerve

What are the four muscles of mastication

Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids

Styloid process

Horn/Fang-like bone under the ear

Where can the hyoid bone be found?

At anterior to the C3

Which two vertebrae are atypical?

C1 and C2`

Where can the anterior arch with tubercle be found?

C1 (atlas)

Where can the posterior arch with tubercle be found?

C1 (atlas)

Which vertebrae has the lateral mass?

C2 (atlas)

Which vertebrae has the transverse process?

C1 (atlas)

Which vertebrae has the transverse foramen?

C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)

What can be found inside the transverse foramen?

Vertebral artery

What are the 4 ways to get blood to the brain?

Vertebral artery (Left and right)

Internal carotid (Left and right)

What is the function of the lateral masses?

Allows vertebrae to attach to skull

Which vertebrae has the odontoid/dens?

C2 (axis or epistropheus)

Which vertebrae has the transverse ligament?

C2 (axis)

What is the function of the transverse ligament?

Holds the dens tight to C1. Must be super close, can be separated slightly from injuries.

What two bones allow you to rotate your neck? (saying no)

C1 and C2

What two bones allow you to nod your head? (saying yes)

C1 and skull

What is the space between the atlas and dens called?

Atlanta-Dens interval

What is the effect of a ruptured transverse ligament?

Enlarged ADI

What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles? (TOSS)

Thyrohyoid

Omohyoid

Sternohyoid

Sternothyroid

What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles? (My Gravy Spoon Darling)

Mylohyoid

Geniohyoid

Stylohyoid

Digastric

What are the two bellies of the digastric?

Anterior and posterior belly

What are the two bellies for the omohyoid

Superior and inferior belly

What are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid

Clavicular and sternal heads

What bone is the trachea attached to?

Hyoid

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have

2

What bones does the mylohyoid connect?

mandible and hyoid

What bones does the digastric connect to?

Mandible and hyoid

What bones does the geniohyoid connect to?

Mandible (chin) and the hyoid

What bones does the omohyoid connect to

Scapula and hyoid

What bones does the sternocleidomastoid connect?

Sternum, clavicle, and mastoid.

Does TOSS relate to infra or supra hyoid?

Infrahyoid

Does “My Gravy Spoon Darling” relate to infra or supra hyoid?

Suprahyoid

What is the foramen cecum

Hole at the back of the tongue that closed for most people after the thyroid gland descended into the neck.

Doesn’t close for some people and food and debris can get caught inside of it

What are the contents inside the carotid sheath

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve

What is the carotid sheath?

A mambrane that surrounds common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve

What does the common carotid bifurcate into?

Internal and external carotid artery

What is the largest/major branch of the common carotid artery? And what does it feed?

MCA - Middle cerebral artery
Feeds primary and sensory cortex

What are the primary arteries that feed the cerebellum?

Superior cerebellar artery

Anterior cerebellar artery

Posterior Cerebellar artery

Where does the posterior inferior cerebellar feed off from?

Vertebral artery

Where does the anterior inferior cerebellar feed off from?

Basilar artery

What arteries travel along the spinal cord?

Left and right vertebral arteries
Posterior and anterior spinal arteries

Where does the labyrinthine artery go?

Follows cranial nerve #8 into the inner ear

What are the main parts of the cerebral arterial circle?

Anterior communicating

Anterior cerebral

Posterior communicating

Posterior cerebral

What does the pontine artery feed?

Pons portion of the brain

What vessels make up the circle of willis?

Posterior cerebral artery

Posterior communicating arteries

Internal carotid artery

Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Anterior cerebral

Anterior communicating artery

What blood vessel feeds the backside of the cerebellum from the underneath

Posterior inferior cerebellar Artery (PICA)

What is a stationary blood clot called?

Thrombus