Patho sg sntk

Ischemic

lack of blood supply and oxygen to tissue

Hypoxia

lack of oxygen to tissue

Hypertrophy

hormones (development of breasts), stress, high BP, increased workload

Hyperplasia

persistent cell injury (skin gets thicker), more cells

Metaplasia

chronic irritation and inflammation or persistent injury

Dysplasia

disorderly growth (cancer!) disorganized

proto oncogenes

good, act to turn on or maintain cell division

Oncogenes

bad, tumor causing gene, interrupt cellular communication

Primary

inflammatory, proliferative, maturation

Secondary

chronic inflammation, granulation tissue, wound contraction

tertiary

delayed wound closure (infection), then primary

Carcinoma

epithelial origin (skin and glands)

Sarcoma

cancer of bone, nerve, muscle, fat, connective tissue

Tumor suppressor gene

inhibit tumor formation and cell proliferation

Leukopenia

joint swelling, pain, weight loss, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly

Thrombocytopenia

low platelet count

Neutropenia

absolute neutrophil count low, peripheral blood sample key to diagnose

Chronic myeloid leukemia

philadelphia chromosome, NO response to chemo, starts in bone marrow

Acute myeloid leukemia

more than 20% blasts

Chronic lymphoid leukemia

starts in stem cell, painless lymph enlargement, 95 B cell, 5 T cell

Acute lymphoid leukemia

80 B cell 20 T cell, found in children

Plasma cell myeyloma

high Ca levels, B cell cloning, bence jones proteins, bone lesions

Hodgkin's

lymph nodes, reed sternberg cells, growth and spread is predictable, (males 20 to 40 most common)

Non hodgkin's

outliers, no reed sternberg cells (lymph but can be tissue)

Lupus (SLE)

chronic inflammation destroys connective tissue (type iii), idiopathic (uv rays, genetic defect, hormonal imbalance) butterfly rash, positive ANA

HIV goals

maintain C4 over 200 and low viral load

Basophil

phalamatory and allergic reactions

Histamine

causes swelling (released by mast cells)

Serotonin

high concentration in mast cells and platelets

Type ii

antibodies injure cells through phagocytosis of lysis

Type iii

immune complexes, autoimmune disorders

Type vi

delayed reaction, directly injure cells

Bacterial infection

fever, body ache, lymph node enlargement, stimulate immune response

Serious exudate

watery and low in protein

Serosanguineous drainage

has serous and some blood

Fibrinoys exudate

thick, sticky, high protein

Purulent exudate

still an infection, infective organisms, leukocytes, and cellular debris

Hemorrhagic exudate

contains red blood cells

Polycythemia

excess of red cells (increase blood viscosity and volume)

Polycythemia vera

increase RBC mass, leukocytes, throbocyropnea, uric acid

Secondary Polycythemia

chronic hypoxia increases erythropoietin production, no increase in platelets or WBC

Relative Polycythemia

dehydration increases RBC production, elevated HCT, HBG, RBC count

Aplastic Anemia

normal cells, toxins, bone marrow transplant

Anemia of Chronic renal failure

dialysis, increase in erythrocytes, normal RBC, low HCT, HBG

Pernicious Anemia

NEUROLOGICAL, B12 deficiency through malabsorption, macrocytic, megaloblastic

Folate deficiency

macrocytic, normochromic; lack of folate needs 6 month supply to deplete, bad diet, excessive alcohol, pregnancy, supply must first deplete, folic acid necessary for heme molecule and DNA

Iron deficiency

hypochromic, microcytic; lack of iron, chronic bleeding, diet, must deplete 6 month supply, must receive at least 6 months to build back up supply

Thalassemia

hypochromic, microcytic; mutant genes, recessive, decreased RBC survival, low everything

Sickle Cell anemia

autosomal recessive gene, abnormal shaped cells, block vessels, pain management and fluids important treatments

Thrombocytopenia

low platelets

Thrombocytopenia idiopathic

autoimmune, platelets function normally but live short

Thrombocytopenia CM

bruising, bleeding after routine procedure

Thrombocytopenia acquired

platelet dilution, medication, splenic sequestration, diminished or defective platelet production

Hemophilia

passed mother to son, coagulation disorder, excessive bleeding, joint tear then expand with blood, leads to degenerative arthritis

A classic hemophilia

factor 8 deficiency

B christmas disease hemophilia

factor 9 deficiency

Von Willebrand Disease

autosomal dominant inheritance

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

acquired bleeding syndrome, clotting and bleeding occur simultaneously, trauma, burns, shock, D dimer positive